Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN), 454, 455

Acosta, J., 207, 218, 232

administrative state, 16, 313, 389–422

Afro-Latin American, 2, 71, 142, 159, 165, 174–180, 184, 187, 203, 204, 214, 242, 248, 255, 260, 263, 487, 494, 497–499, 501, 523, 540

Agía, M., 224, 233

agregados, 89–92, 225, 230, 231, 248, 379

agriculture, 105, 112, 279, 287, 346, 349, 355, 356, 358, 538

Alberdi, J. B., 265, 311, 314, 316, 319, 321, 398, 399

Altamira, 26–28, 30, 32–34, 44

Alva Ixtlilxochitl, F., 112, 115, 116

Álvarez, A., 415, 416

American Convention of Human Rights, 472, 476, 534

Andean Community of Nations (CAN), 536, 537

anthropology, 5, 15, 39, 95, 99–104, 106, 109–111, 320

Antillón, I., 289, 290

Argentina, 22–24, 26–28, 30, 33, 34, 44, 56, 57, 66, 91, 204, 207, 260, 265, 310, 311, 314, 331–336, 343, 351, 352, 357, 374, 379, 393, 397, 398, 400, 401, 403–410, 414, 416, 417, 420, 421, 423–425, 427, 429, 431, 432, 434–436, 438–444, 448–450, 451, 458, 461, 467, 469, 470, 473, 474, 492, 495, 527–529, 532, 534

Avendaño, D., 197, 207

Ávila, A., 28, 29, 31

Aztec, 96, 99, 102, 107, 115–117, 126, 170

baptism, 145, 193, 197, 217

Bartolus de Sassoferrato, 150, 328

Bascuñán Valdés, A., 28, 31

Bello, A., 66, 315, 316, 321, 330–334

Bentham, J., 280, 341, 380

Bielsa, R., 407, 416, 417, 421

Blackstone, W., 334, 378, 392

Bolívar, S., 280, 349, 354, 359, 521

Bolivia, 65, 288, 299, 306, 308, 318, 346, 352, 353, 357, 358, 360, 416, 438, 439, 440, 443–448, 467, 487, 506–510, 527, 532

Brazil, 19, 24–26, 29–31, 36, 39, 44, 63, 70, 78, 82–86, 91, 92, 99, 103, 107, 135, 188, 201–202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 219, 253–254, 256–258, 264, 265, 272–275, 284–286, 289, 291, 294, 296, 297, 300, 303, 305–307, 313, 317, 333, 334, 343, 345, 348, 354, 358–362, 364–370, 373, 375–379, 381, 382, 384, 385, 387, 389, 397, 401, 403, 404, 408–410, 419, 421, 423–425, 427–430, 432, 434–441, 443, 446–449, 452–458, 460, 467, 487, 492, 497, 502–505, 517, 518, 532, 537

Brown, J., 337, 338

Bryce, J., 389, 390, 410

Cádiz Constitution, 252, 253, 255, 257, 269, 284, 285, 293, 294, 296–299, 312, 314–315, 317, 382

California, 19, 342, 355

canon law, 16, 141, 144–146, 150, 156, 180, 185–195, 197, 199, 200, 202, 206–208, 211–216, 218, 219, 334

capitalism, 64, 346, 349, 355, 356, 358, 388, 390, 402, 409, 418, 464, 537

Caribbean, 6, 9, 60, 86, 182, 183, 201, 219, 537

Carlos III, 21, 44, 98

Carlos IV, 284, 291, 292

Castilian law, 37, 71, 157

Castro, I., 247, 248

Catholic Church, 8, 22, 23, 34, 37, 61, 87, 113, 145, 150, 182, 184, 186–188, 190, 192, 196, 198, 199, 206, 209, 211, 217, 219, 220, 228, 243, 244, 249, 283, 288, 289, 299, 304, 354, 397, 400, 432–438, 485, 494–497, 503, 504

Chile, 19, 28, 29, 31, 33, 66, 132, 284, 302, 306, 308, 312, 315, 324, 330–333, 343, 345, 352–354, 357, 360, 372, 383, 397, 403, 404, 409, 410, 414–416, 422–425, 427, 429, 430, 432–436, 438–450, 458–460, 467, 470, 532, 537, 539

Christianity, 172, 215, 233

citizenship, 39, 258, 259, 267, 269, 270, 272, 278, 298–300, 302, 317, 319, 320, 362, 363, 371, 402, 407, 499

Civil Code, 65, 66, 74, 78, 315, 323–326, 328–331, 333, 334, 337, 339, 341, 343, 344, 378, 401, 520

civil war, 27, 256, 257, 264, 273, 303, 311, 355, 366, 369, 400, 403, 442, 452, 467

Clavero, B., 37–39, 57, 58, 78

Clóvis Beviláqua, 25, 78

Code Napoléon, 279, 325–328, 330–335, 338, 341, 401

codification, 16, 19, 65, 81, 85, 263, 272, 279, 280, 289, 300, 315, 321–344, 400

Cold War, 103, 426, 439, 442, 445, 457, 459, 467

Colombia, 27, 93, 262, 284, 301, 302, 306, 308, 310, 312, 331, 332, 354, 360, 362, 363, 366, 394, 395, 400, 404, 416, 467, 471, 487, 492, 495, 497, 502–503, 505, 514–516, 527–529, 532, 534, 536, 537, 539

colonial domination, 39, 104, 109, 250, 455

Columbus, C., 22, 28, 183

Comisión Nacional sobre la Desaparición de Personas (CONADEP), 469, 470

Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB), 456, 457

constitution, 16, 30, 37–39, 65, 74, 92, 93, 96, 107, 160, 186, 188, 202, 206, 249, 250, 252–257, 261, 262, 265–281, 283–322, 334, 335, 348, 353, 370, 371, 376, 379, 382, 384, 390, 393–401, 404, 409, 411–413, 420–427, 433, 436, 454, 458, 463, 479, 485–511, 515, 516, 520, 523–536, 540

constitutionalism, 15, 39, 283–285, 288, 290, 291, 294, 305, 308, 309, 314, 316, 318, 390, 394, 399, 400, 409, 411, 413, 423–432, 475, 485, 487, 492–494, 500, 509–511

corporativism, 411, 418–422

Corpus Iuris Civilis, 61, 189, 327, 334

corruption, 8, 54, 407

Cortes, 22, 252–256, 272–275, 286, 287, 293, 294, 297, 302, 303

Council of the Indies, 21, 125, 157, 205, 215

Council of Trent, 190–192, 201, 207, 212, 220

crime, 70, 83, 84, 113, 116, 175, 185, 203, 205, 360, 378, 431, 432, 438–445, 447, 449, 451, 460–462, 465–472, 475–478, 481–484, 496, 501, 516

criminal law, 15, 65, 144, 193, 323, 444, 476

Cuba, 87, 317, 331, 359–361, 364, 365, 367, 368, 439, 443, 454

Cuban Revolution, 426, 434, 439, 445, 454, 455, 456

Cunill, C., 70, 95–140

customary law, 41, 47, 142, 151, 158–166, 171–173, 178, 180, 195–200, 263

custom, 12, 13, 25, 26, 34, 51, 57, 60, 78–80, 82, 114, 116, 118, 119, 124, 130, 133, 134, 142, 149–151, 156, 159–168, 170–180, 198, 199, 213, 234, 245, 246, 253, 261, 270, 287, 311, 329, 333, 336, 346, 351, 364, 365, 377, 386, 403, 505, 536

De Indiarum Iure (Solórzano Pereira), 63, 206, 209

derecho indiano, 4, 19, 20, 24, 26–29, 31–39, 44, 56, 98, 158, 180, 186

deregulation, 381–386, 537

Dicey, A.V., 411, 412

Dom Pedro II, 274, 307, 317

Domat, J., 326, 334, 338

Duguit, L., 411, 414–417

Duve, T., 1–17, 54–73, 136, 182–220, 245

ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 200–208, 215, 216

Ecuador, 105, 257, 269, 306, 308, 312, 331, 332, 358, 360, 363, 416, 487, 492, 497, 506–510, 527, 532

Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), 514, 516

Ejercito Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN), 513, 514

El Salvador, 115, 297, 302, 306, 331, 332, 356, 517, 518, 532

encomienda, 139, 226–230, 232, 233, 237, 239, 241, 242, 244

Enlightenment, 186, 246, 278, 283–291, 302, 324, 340

Esboço, 335, 401

Europe, 1–3, 5–12, 16, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 36, 38, 41, 47, 49, 54, 57–61, 64, 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 76, 78–81, 86, 88, 93–100, 104–107, 110–112, 116, 119, 120, 122–124, 126, 128, 130, 136–150, 154–168, 172, 173, 176–182, 184, 185, 191, 204, 209, 211, 219, 221, 223, 234, 242–244, 253, 256, 263, 264, 275, 277, 281, 283–285, 287–289, 291, 293–295, 323–326, 328–331, 333, 335, 337, 342, 343, 345, 347, 348, 352, 353, 355, 357, 359, 366, 369–371, 374, 380, 381, 385, 389–392, 396, 400–403, 411–416, 418, 430, 431, 438, 440–443, 445, 448, 454–456, 460, 461, 462, 475–484, 490, 492, 494, 496, 525, 527–529, 531, 539

European colonialism, 181, 182, 347

European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), 473, 476–480, 482, 484

executive power, 273, 301, 305, 312, 313, 398, 412

Exegetical School, 326, 327, 342

Federación Latinoamericana de Familiares de Detenidos-Desaparecidos (FEDEFAM), 468, 483

Fernando, 116, 151, 253, 255, 284, 292, 307

Field, D. D., 341, 342, 344

Fleiuss, M., 30, 31

Foucault, M., 49, 59

Freund, E., 412, 416

Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias (FARC), 513, 514

Gamio, M., 100, 102

Garavaglia, J.-C., 222, 372, 373, 403

García Goyena, F., 325, 331, 333, 339, 344

García-Gallo, A., 31–35, 44, 56, 57

Garcilaso, I., 113–115, 128, 138

Georgia, 188, 342

Gobierno eclesiástico pacífico (Villarroel), 191, 192, 199

Goodnow, F., 413, 415, 416

Graña-Behrens, D., 121, 122

Great Depression, 409, 418

Guatemala, 62, 66, 115, 122, 125, 215, 290, 297, 301, 302, 306, 331, 346, 356, 416, 443, 447, 467, 471, 517, 518, 532

Haiti, 65, 275, 276, 277, 279, 280, 291, 295, 305, 306, 334, 360, 362, 532

Hauriou, M., 411, 413, 415–417

Heineccius, J. G., 66, 67

Herzog, T., 55, 76, 109, 131

Hespanha, A. M., 17, 19, 36–38, 40, 56–59, 65, 68, 78, 109, 158, 244

Hinojosa, E., 20, 43

hispanidad, concept of, 22–25, 31, 34, 37, 98, 99

História do Direito Nacional (Martins Junior), 24, 99

Honduras, 297, 302, 305, 306, 310, 331, 332, 352, 473, 532

human rights, 4, 17, 42, 421, 431, 432, 437, 443, 445, 447–450, 457, 460–484, 525, 528–530, 533–536, 541

Huyssen, A., 450, 451

Inca, 99, 102, 107, 113, 114, 116, 117, 128, 138, 169, 290, 291

indigenous people, 2, 6, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 23–26, 28, 37–39, 55–57, 61–64, 67, 69–73, 77, 79, 82, 83, 86, 95–140, 142, 155, 159, 165–174, 176–181, 184, 187–188, 190, 195, 196, 198, 202–206, 214, 215, 217, 218, 221, 226–230, 232–236, 242–244, 246, 254, 255, 259, 260, 263, 269–271, 278, 279, 290, 318–320, 345–359, 364, 370, 376, 377, 387, 388, 471, 485, 486, 487, 493, 494, 496–499, 501–511, 514, 516, 518, 523, 540

Instituto Histórico e Geográfico brasileiro, 30, 36

integration treaties, 525, 535–540

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), 472–474, 480, 531–535

Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACourtHR), 438, 472, 473, 475–481, 484, 531–535

Inter-American Human Rights System, 462, 472–475, 488, 531–535

international human rights law (IHRL), 474, 480, 525, 527–533, 535, 540

international law, 4, 10–12, 17, 20, 39, 54, 281, 461–465, 474–476, 479–484, 488, 523–532, 535, 536, 538, 540

Islam, 87, 329, 365

Jèze, G., 411, 413, 414, 416, 417

João VI, 253, 303

judge, 27, 41–43, 83, 84, 88, 106, 117, 122, 126, 134–136, 142, 144–146, 151, 155, 163, 169, 171, 172, 174–176, 185, 193, 203, 205, 207, 212, 214, 216, 239, 241, 247, 268, 271, 272, 301, 326, 335, 336, 340, 361, 364, 419, 429, 431, 432, 438, 444, 470, 472–475, 480, 492, 499, 501, 504, 514, 516, 533, 535

judiciary, 271, 272, 306, 314, 419, 422, 424, 425, 429–432, 437, 444, 529

Kelsen, H., 92, 416

labor, 71, 83, 84, 89–91, 124, 226, 229, 233, 236, 237, 241, 246, 248, 249, 290, 317, 339, 349, 356, 357, 361, 367–369, 375–382, 384, 386, 388, 402, 408–410, 419, 519

land, 16, 22, 25, 82, 89, 91, 130, 132, 133, 143, 169–171, 178, 221, 223, 225–231, 233, 234, 236, 238, 239, 241, 242, 246, 248, 249, 270, 271, 279, 316, 346–352, 356, 357, 359, 369, 370, 375–381, 386–388, 405, 501–504, 507, 515, 520, 521, 523

Lares, T., 313, 394, 397

las Casas, B., 62, 215, 232

Leal, A., 30, 31

legal pluralism, 12, 56, 57, 71, 109, 110, 112, 130, 148, 487–490, 495–506, 508, 511–526, 530, 532, 536, 538, 540, 541

Lessa, F., 443, 445, 449

Levene, R., 24, 26, 27, 29–31, 33, 34, 44, 56

Leyes de Toro (1505), 150, 157

Liber Extra, 189, 191, 192

López, G., 215, 328

Louisiana, 323, 337–341, 344

Louisiana Civil Code of 1825, 330–331, 333

Martins Junior, J. I., 24, 29, 99

Maya, 95, 107, 115, 117, 120–122, 169, 170, 352, 358

Mendieta y Núñez, L., 101, 102

MERCOSUR, 536, 537

Mexico, 7, 19, 27–30, 34, 39, 65, 66, 82, 83, 86, 98, 100–102, 112, 115, 117, 120, 121, 123, 126, 133, 135, 170, 190, 201, 202, 206, 212, 214, 230, 235, 255, 268, 269, 290, 295, 297, 302, 304–310, 313–315, 317, 318, 331, 352–354, 358, 360, 373, 374, 376, 382, 386, 394, 396, 397, 400, 404, 406, 408, 409, 416, 433, 451, 512–518, 532

Middle Ages, 62, 149, 159, 160, 184, 215, 328

Miranda, F., 290, 292

miserabilis persona, 61, 63, 69, 215

moderating power, 306, 307

moral theology, 16, 145, 146, 185–188, 198, 210–214, 219, 220

Murillo Velarde, P., 191, 247

Muro Orejón, A., 27, 153

Muslim, 82, 86–88, 149, 365

Napoleon, 251–254, 275, 284, 291–293, 326, 397

neophyte, 184, 195, 217

New Laws of 1542, 137, 226

New York, 66, 334, 339, 341, 342, 344

Nicaragua, 62, 115, 215, 297, 302, 306, 331, 332, 442, 443, 532

Novísima Recopilación of 1805, 152, 398

Nueva Recopilación of 1567, 152, 398

Nuzzo, L., 31, 37

Offner, J. A., 106, 122, 128

Okoshi Harada, T., 115, 121, 122

Operation Condor, 422, 438–445, 449, 457, 467, 476

Ordenações, 152, 153

Ordenamiento de Alcalá (1348), 150, 398

Organization of American States (OAS), 472, 473, 533, 535

Ots Capdequí, J. M., 27, 32, 44

Panama, 7, 306, 331, 332, 395, 448, 467, 478, 527, 532

Paraguay, 204, 306, 331, 360, 366, 367, 372–375, 414, 438, 440, 443, 444, 447, 449, 467, 487, 497, 532

pater familias, 16, 221, 223, 224, 231, 234, 237, 239–242, 245, 295

Peru, 28, 63–65, 99, 102, 103, 105, 127, 139, 156, 157, 168, 218, 233, 235, 283, 290, 298, 302, 305, 306, 308, 312, 320, 323, 348, 358, 360, 366, 382, 383, 386, 404, 416, 443–445, 467, 471, 476, 479, 480, 487, 492, 497, 513–516, 527, 528, 532, 534, 536, 537, 539

Petit, C., 55, 56, 77, 78, 95, 98

Philip II, 120, 124, 130, 207, 227, 229

Philippines, 6, 82, 86, 191, 203, 219, 235, 317, 523

Política Indiana (Solórzano Pereira), 63, 206, 233

Portugal, 21, 24, 25, 30, 36, 40, 45, 58, 61, 98, 123, 142, 148–154, 164, 174, 178, 182, 184, 207, 250–253, 256, 262, 264, 272–275, 285–287, 291, 303, 305, 345, 421, 493, 540

Portuguese America, 19, 23, 154, 156, 158, 165, 174, 178, 193, 201, 202, 231, 254, 256, 258, 263, 272–275, 294, 345, 381

Posada, A., 408, 414–416

Pothier, R.-J., 326, 327, 334, 338

privilege, 46, 61–63, 70, 77, 115, 124, 156, 157, 169, 182, 185, 186, 195–200, 206–208, 215, 217, 239, 241, 268, 269, 287–289, 300, 301, 302, 304, 345, 350, 352, 370, 381–383, 385, 388, 396, 407

Propaganda Fide, 192, 193

Puerto Rico, 317, 331, 360, 361, 363, 367, 368, 379, 448

Quebec, 323, 337, 339–341, 344

Quechua, 11, 99, 114, 130, 138, 196, 202, 471, 510

Quiroga, V., 117, 170, 180, 206

Ramos Núñez, C., 17, 102, 323, 342

Recopilación de Indias, 152, 197, 208, 218

revolution, 149, 250, 256, 264, 272, 275, 276, 279, 280, 281, 288, 291, 303, 309, 323, 328, 342, 359, 362, 378, 393, 395, 404, 426, 434, 439, 445, 454, 456, 490, 492, 495

Río de Janeiro, 30, 36, 201, 205, 207, 251, 253, 256, 258, 291, 294, 303, 362, 386, 453, 454, 456, 517

Roman Curia, 186, 189, 190, 193, 210, 211

Roman law, 40, 54, 64, 74, 78, 79, 81, 88, 145, 189, 261, 327, 328, 333, 334, 338, 340

Rovira Morgado, R., 117, 121

Royal Commentaries (Garcilaso), 113, 128, 138

Russell Tribunal, 422, 445–449

Sahagún, B., 118, 119, 170

Saint-Joseph, A., 325, 331, 339, 344

Savigny, F. C., 74, 334, 336

Schmitt, C., 156, 435

School of Salamanca, 183, 212, 290

Siete Partidas, 29, 64, 149, 153, 155, 164, 180, 216, 328, 334, 398

Silva Santisteban, J., 283, 320

slavery, 39, 79, 83, 84, 88, 90, 91, 138, 175, 179, 214, 223, 234, 259, 280, 307, 315–317, 357, 359–370, 378, 384

Smith, A., 378, 385, 392

Sociedades de Amigos del País, 287, 289

Solórzano Pereira, J., 63, 155, 156, 180, 206, 209, 224, 233

Sousa Santos, B., 109, 461, 465

South Atlantic, 89, 92

sovereignty, 7, 146, 151, 252, 254, 257, 262, 266, 268, 269, 275, 276, 283, 292, 294–298, 303, 304, 308–310, 345, 352, 353, 371, 414, 417, 486, 488–495, 497, 498, 503, 505, 511–513, 523–526, 530–533, 535, 536, 538–541

Spain, 9, 20, 23, 24, 28–30, 40, 43–45, 58, 61, 66, 124, 126, 142, 148–155, 164, 184, 228, 238, 250–253, 255, 264, 274, 285, 287–293, 295, 302, 303, 305, 309, 315, 325, 326, 339, 345, 361, 367, 368, 397, 420, 430, 442, 443, 505, 540

Spanish, 6, 11, 19–24, 26–29, 31, 32, 34, 36–38, 40, 43–45, 52, 65, 66, 73, 82, 83, 86, 92, 96, 98, 102, 103, 105, 113, 115–125, 130, 132, 133, 135–137, 142, 148–152, 154–158, 164–166, 168–176, 178–180, 183, 191, 193, 196–198, 202, 207–210, 218, 219, 221, 224, 226–233, 237, 238, 240, 242, 244–249, 251–256, 258, 262–272, 274, 278, 280, 284–297, 299, 300, 302–304, 308, 312–315, 317, 325, 328, 331, 335, 337, 338, 344, 345, 347, 348, 353, 354, 361, 364, 367, 368, 370, 376, 379, 381, 382, 390, 408, 414, 452, 474, 485, 490, 493, 494, 496, 497, 506, 527

Suárez, F., 198, 199

sugar plantation, 356, 369

Tau Anzoátegui, V., 34–36, 57, 78, 109, 243

Teixeira de Freitas, A., 333–335, 343, 344

territoriality, 122, 123, 404–407

territory, 30, 51, 122, 176, 204, 220, 221, 223, 224, 226, 227, 231, 237–239, 241, 246, 250–257, 260–263, 267, 269, 270, 277, 279, 284–286, 288, 290, 292–294, 297, 298, 301, 303–314, 318, 319, 321, 322, 326, 335, 337, 338, 340, 342–345, 347, 348, 351–354, 357, 359, 362, 365, 370, 396–398, 401, 402, 404, 405, 420, 441, 442, 486–488, 491–493, 498, 499, 501–506, 508, 512–516, 519

theology, 35, 142, 180, 187, 194

Third Provincial Council of Lima, 196, 218

Thompson, E. P., 377, 385

Tilly, C., 402, 403

transitional justice, 4, 10, 16–17, 67, 431, 458, 460–484

Trindade, J. C., 474, 475

tropical forest culture theory, 107, 110

truth commission, 42, 469–471

Tupac Amaru, G., 290, 291

UN Human Rights Committee, 481, 482

Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), 536, 537

United States, 26, 28, 86, 93, 98–100, 105, 276–279, 295, 305, 306, 309, 310, 341, 351, 355, 357, 360, 364, 366, 369, 371, 395, 396, 412, 413, 418, 426, 434, 438–440, 442, 443, 446–448, 467, 490, 492, 510, 524, 536, 537, 539

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 433, 434

Uruguay, 306, 331, 364, 409, 414, 427, 434, 438–441, 446–449, 451–453, 467, 532

US Constitution, 74, 278, 396, 401

Vélez Sarsfield, D., 66, 332–335, 342, 401

Venezuela, 280, 284, 292–294, 297, 301, 302, 306, 312, 330–332, 354, 360, 366, 467, 537

Viceroyalty of Peru, 63, 139, 218

Vietnam War, 434, 447, 448

Villarroel, G., 191, 199

Vitoria, F., 183, 198, 212, 213

war, 7, 20, 21, 23, 28, 98, 115, 116, 137, 183, 184, 202, 255, 260, 263, 273, 275, 276, 291, 292, 301, 303, 306, 311, 345, 351–355, 357, 358–359, 360, 366, 367, 371–375, 378, 381, 383, 387–388, 396, 402–444, 456, 467, 469, 479, 482, 524

West Central Africa, 85, 86, 92

Wilson, W., 412, 413, 415

World War II, 103, 104, 452, 453, 455

Zavala, S., 28, 29