Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x5gtn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-19T20:51:35.966Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

HEALTH, HEIGHT AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN ITALY: EVIDENCE FROM CONSCRIPTS’ DATA, 1843-1871

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 December 2023

Vittorio Daniele Open the ORCID record for Vittorio Daniele [Opens in a new window]  and
Francesco Samà Open the ORCID record for Francesco Samà [Opens in a new window]
Vittorio Daniele*
Affiliation:
University Magna Graecia of Catanzaroa
Francesco Samà
Affiliation:
University Magna Graecia of Catanzarob
*
Corresponding author: Vittorio Daniele; Email: v.daniele@unicz.it
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article contributes to the debate on regional disparities in living standards in Italy at the time of national unification (1861) by examining the health standards of army conscripts born between 1843 and 1871. Data regarding the conscripts born in 1843-1856 show that 35.4 per cent of youths examined were unfit for military service. Overall, the rejection rate in the peninsular south was similar to that of the northern regions. In the south, however, the share of conscripts rejected for insufficient height was notably higher. It is very likely that the persistent north-south gradient in average height in Italy is related to genetic factors.

Resumen

RESUMEN

Este artículo contribuye al debate sobre las disparidades regionales en los niveles de vida en Italia en el momento de la unificación nacional (1861) mediante el examen de las condiciones de salud de los reclutas del ejército nacidos entre 1843 y el 1871. Datos sobre los reclutas nacidos en los años 1843-1856, muestran cómo el 35,4 por ciento de los jóvenes examinados no eran aptos para el servicio militar. En general, la tasa de rechazo en el sur peninsular era similar a la del norte. Sin embargo, en el sur era mayor la proporción de reclutas rechazados por no alcanzar la estatura mínima requerida. Es muy probable que el persistente gradiente norte-sur en la estatura promedio en Italia esté relacionado con factores genéticos.

Keywords

regional disparitieshealthheightItalyN33N3disparidades regionalessaludestaturaItalia
Type
Articles/Artículos
Information
Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History , Volume 41 , Issue 3 , December 2023 , pp. 483 - 523
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Instituto Figuerola de Historia y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

a

Department of Law, Economics and Sociology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy. v.daniele@unicz.it

b

Department of Law, Economics and Sociology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy. f.sama@unicz.it

References

REFERENCES

A'hearn, B. (2003): «Anthropometric Evidence on Living Standards in Northern Italy, 1730–1860». The Journal of Economic History 63 (2), pp. 351-381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A'hearn, B., and Vecchi, G. (2017a): «Height», in Vecchi, G. (ed.), Measuring Wellbeing. A History of Italian Living Standards. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 43-87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A'hearn, B., and Vecchi, G. (2017b): «Education», in Vecchi, G. (ed.), Measuring Wellbeing. A History of Italian Living Standards. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 175-213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A'hearn, B., Peracchi, F., and Vecchi, G. (2009): «Height and the Normal Distribution: Evidence from Italian Military Data». Demography 46, pp. 1-25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amoah, B., Giorgi, E., Heyes, D. J., van Burren, S., and Diggle, P. J. (2018): «Geostatistical Modelling of the Association between Malaria and Child Growth in Africa». International Journal of Health Geographics 17 (7).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arcaleni, E. (2006): «Secular Trend and Regional Differences in the Stature of Italians, 1854–1980». Economics & Human Biology 4, pp. 24-38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atella, V., Francisci, S., and Vecchi, G. (2017): «Health», in Vecchi, G. (ed.), Measuring Wellbeing. A History of Italian Living Standards. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 88-141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balfour, M.-G. (1867): «On the Military Conscription of France». Journal of the Statistical Society of London 30 (2), pp. 216-292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baten, J. (2000): «Heights and Real Wages in the 18th and 19th Centuries: An International Overview». Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte/Economic History Yearbook 41 (1), pp. 61-76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodio, L. (1879): «Sui contratti agrari e sulle condizioni materiali di vita dei contadini in diverse regioni d'Italia». Annali di Statistica, serie 2, vol. 8. MAIC, Roma: Tipografia Eredi Botta, pp. 125-206.Google Scholar
Bozzoli, C., Deaton, A. S., and Quintana-Domeque, C. (2009): «Child Mortality, Income and Adult Height». Demography 76, pp. 647-669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacciari, E., Milani, S., Balsamo, A. et al. (2002): «Italian Cross-Sectional Growth Charts for Height, Weight and BMI (6–20 y)». European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, pp. 171-180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cafagna, L. (1989): Dualismo e sviluppo nella storia d'Italia, Venezia: Marsilio.Google Scholar
Cámara, A. D., and Garcia-Roman, J. (2015): «Anthropometric Geography Applied to the Analysis of Socio-Economic Disparities: Cohort Trends and Spatial Patterns of Height and Robustness in 20th-Century Spain». Population, Space and Place 21, pp. 704-719.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cámara, A., Martínez-Carrión, J., Puche, J., and Ramon-Muñoz, J. (2019): «Height and Inequality in Spain: A Long-Term Perspective». Revista de Historia Económica 37 (2), pp. 205-238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cappieri, M. (1971): «Le basi etniche della statura degli italiani». Genus 27 (1/4), pp. 267-324.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L., Menozzi, P., and Piazza, A. (1994): The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ciccotti, E. (1898): Mezzogiorno e Settentrione d'Italia, Milano-Palermo-Roma: Sandron.Google Scholar
Coon, C. S. (1950): «The Mountains of Giants: A Racial and Cultural Study of the North Albanian Mountain Ghegs». Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.): Peabody Museum.Google Scholar
Corsini, C. A. (2008) (ed): Statura, salute e migrazioni: le leve militari italiane, Udine: Forum.Google Scholar
Corti, P. (1984): «La malaria nel Mezzogiorno tra Otto e Novecento», in Della Peruta, F. (ed), Storia d'Italia. Annali 7. Malattia e Medicina. Torino: Giulio Einaudi, pp. 635-678.Google Scholar
Costanzo, A. (1948): «La statura degli italiani ventenni nati dal 1854 al 1920». Annali di Statistica, VIII, vol. II, Rome, pp. 59-123.Google Scholar
Croce, L. (2015): «Storia della lotta contro il gozzo e il cretinismo in provincia di Sondrio». L'Endocrinologo 16, pp. 77-79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crotti, D. (2005): «La malaria, ossia la mal'aria: brevi note di una ‹storia sociale e popolare›». Le Infezioni in Medicina 4, 265-270.Google Scholar
Daniele, V., and Malanima, P. (2011): Il divario Nord-Sud in Italia 1861-2011. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino.Google Scholar
Daniele, V., and Malanima, P. (2014): «Falling Disparities and Persisting Dualism: Regional Development and Industrialisation in Italy, 1891–2001». Investigaciones de Historia Económica 10 (3), pp. 165-176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daniele, V., and Malanima, P. (2017): «Regional Wages and the North-South Disparity in Italy after the Unification». Rivista di Storia Economica 33 (2), pp. 117-158 (appendix at: http://www.vittoriodaniele.info/papers/).Google Scholar
Daniele, V., Malanima, P., and Ostuni, N. (2018): «Geography, Market Potential and Industrialization in Italy 1871–2001». Papers in Regional Science 97, pp. 639-662.Google Scholar
De Bernardi, A. (1984): Il mal della rosa. Denutrizione e pellagra nelle campagne italiane fra ‘800 e ‘900. Milano: Franco Angeli.Google Scholar
Deaton, A. (2007): «Height, Health, and Development». PNAS 104 (33), pp. 13232-13237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Del Negro, P. (1979): Esercito, stato e società. Saggi di storia militare. Bologna: Cappelli.Google Scholar
Di Gaetano, C., Voglino, F., Guarrera, S., Fiorito, G., et al. (2012): «An Overview of the Genetic Structure within the Italian Population from Genome-Wide Data». PLoS One 7 (9), e43759.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckaus, R. (1961): «The North-South Differential in Italian Economic Development». The Journal of Economic History 21 (3), pp. 285-317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericsson, J., and Molinder, J. (2020): «Economic Growth and the Development of Real Wages: Swedish Construction Workers’ Wages in Comparative Perspective, 1831–1900». The Journal of Economic History 80 (3), pp. 813-852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveleth, P. B., and Tanner, J. M. (1990): Worldwide Variation in Human Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Farolfi, B. (1979): «Dall'antropometria militare alla storia del corpo». Quaderni Storici 14 (42), pp. 1056-1091.Google Scholar
Federico, G. (2003): «Heights, Calories and Welfare: A New Perspective on Italian Industrialization», 1854–1913. Economics and Human Biology 1, pp. 289-308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Federico, G., Nuvolari, A., and Vasta, M. (2019): «The Origins of the Italian Regional Divide: Evidence from Real Wages, 1861–1913». The Journal of Economic History 79 (1), pp. 63-98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felice, E. (2015): «La stima e l'interpretazione dei divari regionali nel lungo periodo: i risultati principali e alcune tracce di ricerca». Scienze Regionali/Italian Journal of Regional Science 14 (3), pp. 91-120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felice, E. (2019): «The Roots of a Dual Equilibrium: GDP, Productivity, and Structural Change in the Italian Regions in the Long Run (1871–2011)». European Review of Economic History 23 (4), pp. 499-528.Google Scholar
Felice, E., and Vasta, M. (2015): «Passive Modernization? The New Human Development Index and Its Components in Italy's Regions (1871–2007)». European Review of Economic History 19 (1), pp. 44-66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferreira, E. D., Alexandre, M. A., Salinas, J. L., De Siqueira, A. M., Benzecry, S. G., De Lacerda, M. V., and Monteiro, W. M. (2015): «Association between Anthropometry-Based Nutritional Status and Malaria: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies». Malaria Journal 14, 346. doi: 10.1186/s12936-015-0870-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fiorito, G., Di Gaetano, C., Guarrera, S. et al. (2016): «The Italian Genome Reflects the History of Europe and the Mediterranean Basin». European Journal of Human Genetics 24, pp. 1056-1062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Floud, R., Fogel, R., Harris, B., and Hong, S. (2011): The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition, and Human Development in the Western World since 1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forti Messina, A. L. (1984): «L'Italia dell'Ottocento di fronte al colera», in Della Peruta, F. (ed), Storia d'Italia. Annali 7. Malattia e Medicina. Torino: Giulio Einaudi, pp. 431-493.Google Scholar
Gallo, S. (2012): Senza attraversare le frontiere. Le migrazioni interne dall'Unità a oggi. Laterza, Roma- Bari.Google Scholar
Gooch, J. (1989): Army, State and Society in Italy, 1870-1915. New York: Palgrave McMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grasgruber, P., Cacek, J., Kalina, T., and Sebera, M. (2014): «The Role of Nutrition and Genetics as Key Determinants of the Positive Height Trend». Economics & Human Biology 15, pp. 81-100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grasgruber, P., Sebera, M., Hrazdíra, E., Cacek, J., and Kalina, T. (2016): «Major Correlates of Male Height: A Study of 105 Countries». Economics & Human Biology 21, pp. 172-195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grasgruber, P., Popović, S., Bokuvka, D., Davidović, I., Hřebíčková, S., Ingrová, P., Potpara, P., Prce, S., and Stračárová, N. (2017): «The Mountains of Giants: An Anthropometric Survey of Male Youths in Bosnia and Herzegovina». Royal Society Open Science 4161054161054, http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161054Google ScholarPubMed
Grasgruber, P., Prce, S., Stračárová, N., Hrazdíra, E., Cacek, J., Popović, S., Hřebíčková, S., Potpara, P., Davidovič, I., and Kalina, T. (2019): «The Coast of Giants: An Anthropometric Survey of High Schoolers on the Adriatic Coast of Croatia». PeerJ 7, e6598 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6598CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grugni, V., Raveane, A., Mattioli, F., Battaglia, V., et al. (2018): «Reconstructing the Genetic History of Italians: New Insights from a Male (Y-Chromosome) Perspective». Annals of Human Biology 45 (1), pp. 44-56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatton, T. J. (2011): «Infant Mortality and the Health of Survivors: Britain, 1910–50». The Economic History Review 64, pp. 951-972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hatton, T. J. (2014): «How have Europeans Grown so Tall?» Oxford Economic Papers 66 (2), pp. 349-372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatton, T. J., and Bray, E. (2010): «Long Run Trends in the Heights of European Men, 19th and 20th Centuries». Economics and Human Biology 8, pp. 405-413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermanussen, M., Burmeister, J., and Burkhardt, V. (1995): «Stature and Stature Distribution in Recent West German and Historic Samples of Italian and Dutch Conscripts». American Journal of Human Biology 7, pp. 507-515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ilari, V. (1989): Storia del servizio militare in Italia dal 1506 al 1870, Vol. I, Roma: Centro Militare di Studi Strategici—Rivista Militare.Google Scholar
Jacini, S. (1854): La proprietà fondiaria e le popolazioni agricole in Lombardia. Studi economici. Milano: Borroni e Scotti.Google Scholar
Jelenkovic, A., Sund, R., Hur, YM. et al. (2016): «Genetic and Environmental Influences on Height from Infancy to Early Adulthood: An Individual-Based Pooled Analysis of 45 Twin Cohorts». Scientific Reports 6, 28496.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamioni, C. (2002): «Gli Uffici di leva dall'Unità d'Italia. Le istituzioni e la documentazione all'Archivio di Stato di Firenze». Popolazione e Storia 2, pp. 127-153.Google Scholar
Lanari, D., Crippa, A., and Pieroni, L. (2022): «The Economic Miracle and Well-Being in Italy. An Analysis on Regional Convergence in Military Conscripts’ Height During the mid-Twentieth Century». Popolazione e Storia 1, pp. 65-83.Google Scholar
Lehmann, A., Floris, J., Woitek, U., Rühli, F., and Staub, K. (2017): «Temporal Trends, Regional Variation and Socio-Economic Differences in Height, BMI and Body Proportions among German Conscripts, 1956–2010». Public Health Nutrition 20 (3), pp. 391-403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Livi, R. (1883): «Sulla statura degli italiani. Studio statistico antropologico», Archivio per l'antropologia e l'etnologia. XIII vol., Firenze: Tipografia dell'Arte della Stampa, pp. 243-290.Google Scholar
Livi, R. (1886): Antropometria militare. Risultati ottenuti dallo spoglio dei fogli sanitari dei militari delle classi 1859-63 eseguito dall'ispettorato di sanità militare. Parte I. Dati antropologici ed etnologici. Roma: Giornale Medico del Regio Esercito, Tipografia Voghera.Google Scholar
Lombroso, C. (1873): «Sulla statura degli italiani in rapporto all'antropologia ed all'igiene». Archivio per l'Antropologia e l'Etnologia, vol. III, Firenze: Pellas, pp. 373-429.Google Scholar
Lombroso, C. (1877): «Sulla statistica della pellagra in Italia. Memoria presentata alla Giunta centrale di statistica», in: MAIC, Annali, anno 1877, numero 100. Statistica. Roma: Tipografia Botta.Google Scholar
Malanima, P. (2015): «Cibo e povertà nell'Italia del Sette e Ottocento». RiSES, Ricerche di Storia Economica e Sociale 1 (1-2), pp. 15-39.Google Scholar
Marco-Gracia, F. J., and González-Esteban, Á. L. (2021): «Did Parental Care in Early Life Affect Height? Evidence from Rural Spain (19th-20th Centuries)». Social Science & Medicine 287 (C), 114394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
María-Dolores, R., and Martínez-Carrión, J. M. (2011): «The Relationship between Height and Economic Development in Spain, 1850–1958». Economics & Human Biology 9 (1), pp. 30-44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martínez Carrión, J. M. (1994): «Stature, Welfare, and Economic Growth in Nineteenth-Century Spain: The Case of Murcia», in Komlos, J. (ed.), Stature, Living Standards and Economic Development. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 76-89.Google Scholar
Martínez Carrión, J. M. (2012): «La talla de los europeos, 1700-2000: ciclos, crecimiento y desigualdad». Investigaciones de Historia Económica 8 (3), pp. 176-187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez-Carrión, J. M., and María-Dolores, R. (2017): «Regional Inequality and Convergence in Southern Europe. Evidence from Height in Italy and Spain, 1850-2000». Revista de Economía Aplicada XXV (74), pp. 75-103.Google Scholar
Mathieson, I., Lazaridis, I., Rohland, N. et al. (2015): «Genome-wide Patterns of Selection in 230 Ancient Eurasians». Nature 528, 499-503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meriggi, M. (1996). Breve storia dell'Italia settentrionale dall'Ottocento a oggi. Roma: Donzelli.Google Scholar
Mrehić, E., Marjanović, D., Hadžiselimovi, R., and Feri, E. (2016): «An Examination of Growth Acceleration Trends within a Male Population in Bosnia and Herzegovina between the 19th and 21st Centuries». Anthropological Notebooks 22, pp. 107-115.Google Scholar
Pagliani, L. (1877): «I fattori della statura umana», in MAIC, Archivio di Statistica, anno I, fasc. IV, Roma: Tipografia Elzeviriana, pp. 92-120.Google Scholar
Pagliani, L. (1878): «Studi antropometrici sullo sviluppo dell'organismo umano», in MAIC, Annali di Statistica, serie 2, vol. II, Roma: Tipografia Eredi Botta, pp. 228-234.Google Scholar
Peracchi, F. (2008): «Height and Economic Development in Italy, 1730-1980». The American Economic Review 98 (2), pp. 475-481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peracchi, F., and Arcaleni, E. (2011): «Early-Life Environment, Height and BMI of Young Men in Italy». Economics & Human Biology 9 (3), pp. 251-264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Percoco, M. (2021): «Spatial Health Inequality and Regional Disparities: Historical Evidence from Italy». Region 8 (1), pp. 53-73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkins, J. M., Subramanian, S. V., Davey Smith, G., and Özaltin, E. (2016): «Adult Height, Nutrition, and Population Health». Nutrition Review 74 (3), pp.149-165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pes, G. M., Tognotti, E., Poulain, M., Chambre, D., and Dore, M. P. (2017): «Why were Sardinians the Shortest Europeans? A Journey through Genes, Infections, Nutrition, and Sex». American Association of Biological Anthropologists 163 (1), pp. 3-13.Google ScholarPubMed
Quiroga Valle, G. (2001). «Estatura, diferencias regionales y sociales y niveles de vida en España (1893–1954)». Revista de Historia Económica/Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 19 (S1), pp. 175-200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raseri, E. (1898). «Sullo stato fisico della popolazione italiana». Giornale degli Economisti 16 (9), pp. 324-344.Google Scholar
Robinson, M., Hemani, G., Medina-Gomez, C. et al. (2015): «Population Genetic Differentiation of Height and Body Mass Index across Europe». Nature Genetics 47, pp. 1357-1362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romani, M. (1982): Storia economica d'Italia nel secolo XIX 1815-1882, Bologna: il Mulino.Google Scholar
Rovinello, M. (2013): «The Draft and Draftees in Italy, 1861-1914», in Zürcher, E.-J. (ed.), Fighting for a Living. A Comparative History of Military Labour 1500-2000. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 479-518.Google Scholar
Rovinello, M. (2020): Fra servitù e servizio: Storia della leva in Italia dall'Unità alla Grande guerra, Roma: Viella.Google Scholar
Schoch, T., Staub, K., and Pfister, C. (2012): «Social Inequality and the Biological Standard of Living: An Anthropometric Analysis of Swiss Conscription Data, 1875-1950». Economics & Human Biology 10 (2), pp. 154-173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silventoinen, K. (2003): «Determinants of Variation in Adult Body Height». Journal of Biosocial Science 35, pp. 263-285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simeone, P., and Alberti, S. (2014): «Epigenetic Heredity of Human Height». Physiological Reports 2 (6), p. e12047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Somogyi, S. (1973): «L'alimentazione nell'Italia unita», Storia d'Italia, 5 vol., t. 1, I documenti, Torino: Einaudi.Google Scholar
Sormani, G. (1881): «Geografia nosologica dell'Italia», in: Annali di Statistica, Serie 2, vol. 6, Ministero d'Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio, Direzione di Statistica, Roma: Botta.Google Scholar
Steckel, R. (1995): «Stature and the Standard of Living». Journal of Economic Literature 33 (4), pp. 1903-1940.Google Scholar
Terrenato, L., and Ulizzi, L. (1983): «Genotype-Environment Relationships: An Analysis of Stature Distribution Curves during the Last Century in Italy». Annals of Human Biology 10 (4), pp. 335-346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torre, F. (1871): La legge del 20 marzo 1854 sul reclutamento dell'esercito ridotta colle successive modificazioni all'unica lezione ora vigente, Firenze: Voghera Carlo Tipografo.Google Scholar
Torre, F. (1874): Esercito, in: L'Italia economica nel 1873, Direzione Generale della Statistica, Tipografia Barbera: Roma.Google Scholar
Turchin, M. C., Chiang, C. W., Palmer, C. D., Sankararaman, S., and Reich, D., Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium and Hirschhorn, J. N. (2012): «Evidence of Widespread Selection on Standing Variation in Europe at Height-Associated SNPs», Nature Genetics 44 (9), pp. 1015-1019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vecchi, G., and Coppola, M. (2006): «Nutrition and Growth in Italy, 1861–1911: What Macroeconomic Data Hide». Explorations in Economic History 43 (3), pp. 438-464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zamagni, V. (1990): Dalla periferia al centro. La seconda rinascita economica dell'Italia (1861-1990), Bologna: il Mulino.Google Scholar
Zoledziewska, M., Sidore, C., Chiang, C. et al. (2015): «Height-reducing Variants and Selection for Short Stature in Sardinia». Nature Genetics 47, 1356. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.3403CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Daniele and Samà supplementary material
Download undefined(File)
File 173.7 KB