Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-31T20:55:29.737Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Phytate and phytase: consequences for protein utilisation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2007

P H Selle ,
V Ravindran ,
A Caldwell  and
W. L Bryden
P H Selle*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia BASF Animal Nutrition, 87a St Hilliers Road, Auburn, NSW 2144, Australia
V Ravindran
Affiliation:
Monogastric Research Centre, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
A Caldwell
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
W. L Bryden
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: Peter Selle, fax +61 2 9735 5404, email: sellep@basf-australia.com.au
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The excretion of large amounts of P in effluent from intensive pig and poultry units is indicative of the poor availability of phytate-bound P in plant-derived feed ingredients. This environmental problem prompted the development and acceptance of microbial phytase feed enzymes for single-stomached animals. Their introduction led to an increasing recognition that phytate may have adverse effects on protein utilisation in addition to P. Consequently, the nutritional relevance of protein–phytate interactions for pigs and poultry is considered in the present review. Since the current understanding of the effects of protein–phytate interactions comes mainly from responses obtained to added phytase, literature on the influence of microbial phytases on amino acid digestibility and utilisation is summarised, followed by a discussion of possible mechanisms contributing to the negative effects of phytate. However, the rationale for the protein responses to added phytase remains largely speculative, and several modes of action are probably involved. It may be that the release of protein from protein–phytate complexes occurring naturally in feed ingredients, the prevention of formation of binary and ternary protein–phytate complexes within the gut, the alleviation of the negative impact of phytate on digestive enzymes and the reduction in endogenous amino acid losses are all contributing factors. A better understanding of the mechanisms of protein–phytate interactions and the modes of action of exogenous phytase enzymes is clearly desirable. Studies are also needed to identify and quantify the factors that contribute to the variable amino acid responses to added phytase. It appears that the relative solubilities of phytate salts and proteins from different feed ingredients and their effects on the extent of protein–phytate complex formation, coupled with variations in the effectiveness of phytase in different dietary contexts, may be the major factors responsible.

Keywords

Amino-acid digestibilityPhytasePhytate
Type
Research Article
Information
Nutrition Research Reviews , Volume 13 , Issue 2 , December 2000 , pp. 255 - 278
Copyright
Copyright © CABI Publishing 2000

References

Anderson, PA (1985) Interactions between proteins and constituents that affect protein quality. In Digestibility and Amino Acid Availability in Cereals and Oilseeds, pp. 31–45 [Finley, JW and Hopkins, DT, editors]. St Paul, MN: American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc.Google Scholar
Angkanaporn, K, Choct, M, Bryden, WL & Annison, EF (1994) Effects of wheat pentosans on endogenous amino acid losses in chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 66, 399–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnone, A & Perutz, MF (1974) Structure of inositol hexaphosphate-human deoxyhaemoglobin complex. Nature 249, 34–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ballam, GC, Nelson, TS & Kirby, LB (1984) Effect ofiber and phytate source and of calcium and phosphorus level on phytate hydrolysis in the chick. Poultry Science 63, 333–338.Google Scholar
Barnett, BJ, Clarke, WA & Batterham, ES (1993) Has phytase a proteolytic effect in diets for weaner pigs? In Manipulating Pig Production, vol. 4, p. 227 [Batterham, ES, editor]. Werribee, Victoria: Australasian Pig Science Association.Google Scholar
Barré, R & Nguyen-van-Huot, N (1965) Etudé de la combination de l'acide phytique avec la serum-albumine humaine native, acetylee et des amine (Study of the combination of phytic acid and native human serum albumin, acetylate and amines). Bulletin de Société de Chimie Biologique 47, 399–1417.Google Scholar
Barrier-Guillot, B, Casado, P, Maupetit, P, Jondreville, C & Gatel, F (1996) Wheat phosphorus availability: 1 -In vitro study: factors affecting endogenous phytasic activity and phytic phosphorous content. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 70, 62–68.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barth, CA, Lunding, B, Schmitz, M & Hagemeister, H (1993) Soybean trypsin inhibitor(s) reduce absorption of exogenous and increase loss of endogenous protein in miniature pigs. Journal of Nutrition 123, 2195–2200.Google ScholarPubMed
Beers, S & Jongbloed, AW (1992) Effect of supplementary Aspergillus niger phytase in diets for piglets on their performance and apparent digestibility of phosphorus. Animal Production 55, 425–430.Google Scholar
Biehl, RR & Baker, DH (1996) Effcacy of supplemental 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol and microbial phytase for young pigs fed phosphorus- or amino acid-de_ient corn-soyabean meal diets. Journal of Animal Science 74, 2960–2966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biehl, RR & Baker, DH (1997) Microbial phytase improves amino acid utilization in young chicks fed diets based on soyabean meal but not diets based on peanut meal. Poultry Science 76, 355–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boling, SD, Peter, CM, Douglas, MW, Strunk, CS, Parsons, CM & Baker, DH (1999) Efficacy of phytase for increasing protein ef_iency ratio (PER) values of feed ingredients. Poultry Science 78, Suppl. 1, 75 Abstr.Google Scholar
Bourdillon, J (1951) Crystalline bean seed protein in combination with phytic acid. Journal of Biological Chemistry 189, 65–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabahug, S, Ravindran, V, Bryden, WL & Selle, PH (1999) Response of broilers to microbial phytase supplementation as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorus levels. I. Effects on broiler performance and toe ash content. British Poultry Science 40, 660–666.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cadogan, DJ, Selle, PH, Campbell, RG & Walker, AR (1997) Effects of dietary phytate phosphorus and microbial phytase on the performance of weaner pigs. In Manipulating Pig Production, vol. 6, p. 245 [Cranwell, PD, editor]. Werribee, Victoria: Australasian Pig Science Association.Google Scholar
Caine, WR, Sauer, WC, Verstegen, WA, Tamminga, S, Li, S & Schulze, H (1998) Guanidated protein test meals with higher concentration of soyabean trypsin inhibitors increase ileal recoveries of endogenous amino acids in pigs. Journal of Nutrition 128, 598–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, GL & Bedford, MR (1992) Enzyme applications for monogastric feeds: A review. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, 449–466.Google Scholar
Campbell, RG, Harrison, DT, Butler, KJ & Selle, PH (1995) Effects of dietary available phosphorus and phytase (Natuphos) on the performance of pigs from 19 to 40 days post-weaning. In Manipulating Pig Production, vol. 5, p. 193 [Hennessy, DP and Cranwell, PD, editors]. Werribee, Victoria: Australasian Pig Science Association.Google Scholar
Camus, MC & Laporte, JC (1976) Inhibition de la protéolyse pesique par le blé. Roôle de l'acide phytique des issues. (Inhibition of pepsin proteolysis by wheat. Role of phytic acid in the outcome). Annales de Biologie Animale Biochimie Biophysique 16, 719–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Champagne, ET (1988) Effects of pH on mineral-phytate, protein-mineral-phytate and mineral-fiber interactions. Possible consequences of atrophic gastritis on mineral bioavailability from high fiber foods. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 7, 499–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Champagne, ET, Fisher, MS & Hinojosa, O (1990) NMR and ESR studies of interactions among divalent cations, phytic acid, and N-acetyl-amino acids. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 38, 199–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Champagne, ET, Rao, RM, Liuzzo, JA, Robinson, JW, Gale, RJ & Miller, F (1985) Solubility behaviours of the minerals, proteins and phytic acid in rice bran with time temperature and pH. Cereal Chemistry 62, 218–222.Google Scholar
Cheryan, M (1980) Phytic acid interactions in food systems. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 13, 297–335.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, DJ (1966) The chemistry and biochemistry of inositol polyphosphates. Reviews of Pure and Applied Chemistry 16, 209–224.Google Scholar
Cosgrove, DJ (1980) Inositol Phosphates. Their Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physiology. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific Publishing.Google Scholar
de Boland, AR, Garner, GB & O'Dell, BL (1975) Identification and properties of ‘phytate’ in cereal grains and oilseed products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 23, 1186–1189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Rham, O & Jost, T (1979) Phytate-protein interactions in soyabean extracts and low-phytate soy protein products. Journal of Food Science 44, 596–600.Google Scholar
Desphande, SS & Cheryan, M (1984) Effects of phytic acid divalent cations and their interactions on α-amylase activity. Journal of Food Science 49, 516–519.Google Scholar
Desphande, SS & Damadaran, S (1989) Effect of phytate on solubility, activity and conformation of trypsin and chymotrypsin. Journal of Food Science 54, 695–699.Google Scholar
Eeckhout, W & de Paepe, M (1991) The quantitative effects of an industrial microbial phytase and wheat phytase on the apparent phosphorus absorbability of a mixed feed by piglets. Medical Faculty Landbouw Rijkuniversity, Gent 56, 1643–1647.Google Scholar
Engelen, AJ, van der Heeft, FC, Randsdorp, PHG & Smit, ELC (1994) Simple and rapid determination of phytase activity. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists International 77, 760–764.Google Scholar
Fandrejewski, H, Raj, S, Weremko, D & Zebrowska, T (1997) Apparent digestibility in experimental feeds and the effect of commercial phytase. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 10, 665–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, DJ & Martin, E (1993) Feed enzymes in poultry nutrition: recent findings Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia, pp. 266–276 [Farrell, DJ, editor]. Armidale, NSW: University of New England.Google Scholar
Farrell, DJ & Martin, E (1998) Strategies to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in poultry diets. III. The addition of inorganic phosphorus and a phytase to duck diets. British Poultry Science 39, 601–611.Google Scholar
Farrell, DJ, Martin, E, Du Preez, JJ, Bongarts, M, Betts, M, Sudaman, A & Thomson, E (1992) The improvement in phosphorus availability when phytase is added to broiler diets. Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium, vol. 4, pp. 116–119 [Johnson, RJ, editor]. Sydney, NSW: Poultry Research Foundation and the World's Poultry Science Association.Google Scholar
Fontaine, TD, Pons, WA & Irving, GW (1946) Protein-phytate relationship in peanuts and cottonseed. Journal of Biological Chemistry 164, 487–507.Google Scholar
Frolich, W & Asp, N-G (1985) Minerals and phytate in the analysis of dietary fiber from cereals. III. Cereal Chemistry 62, 238–242.Google Scholar
Gifford, SR & Clydesdale, FM (1990) Interactions among calcium, zinc and phytate with three protein sources. Journal of Food Science 55, 1720–1724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillberg, L & Tornell, B (1976) Preparation of rapeseed protein isolates. Dissolution and precipitation behaviour of rapeseed proteins. Journal of Food Science 41, 1063–1069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graf, E (1986) Phytic acid: Chemistry and Applications. Minneapolis, MN: Pilatus Press.Google Scholar
Graf, E & Eaton, JW (1993) Suppression of colonic cancer by dietary phytic acid. Nutrition and Cancer 19, 11–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greiner, R, Konietzny, U & Jany, Kl-D (1993) Purification and characterization of two phytases from Escherichia coli Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 303, 107–113.Google Scholar
Han, YW (1988) Removal of phytic acid from soyabean and cottonseed meals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36, 1181–1183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harland, BF & Morris, ER (1995) Phytate: a good or bad food component? Nutrition Research 15, 733–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hersey, SJ (1987) Pepsin secretion. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, vol. 2, pp. 947–957. [Johnson, LR, editor]. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Hew, LI, Ravindran, V, Mollah, Y & Bryden, WL (1998) Influence of exogenous xylanase supplementation on apparent metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility in wheat for broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 75, 83–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, R & Tyler, C (1954) The reaction between protein and phytate. Journal of Agricultural Science 44, 324–326.Google Scholar
Honig, DH, Wolf, WJ & Rackis, JJ (1984) Phytic acid and phosphorus content of various soyabean protein fractions. Cereal Chemistry 61, 523–526.Google Scholar
Hu, HL, Wise, A & Henderson, C (1996) Hydrolysis of phytate and inositol tri-, tetra-, and penta-phosphates by the intestinal mucosa of the pig. Nutrition Research 16, 781–787.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inagawa, J, Kiyosawa, I & Nagasawa, T (1987) Effects of phytic acid on the digestion of casein and soyabean protein with trypsin, pancreatin and pepsin. Nippon Eiyo Shokuryo Gakkaishi 40, 367–373.Google Scholar
Jones, DB & Csonka, FA (1925) Proteins of the cottonseed. Journal of Biological Chemistry 64, 673–683.Google Scholar
Jongbloed, AW, de Jonge, L, Kemme, PA, Mroz, Z & Keis, AK (1997) Non-mineral related effects of phytase in pig diets. 6th Forum on Animal Nutrition, pp. 92–106. Ludwigshafen: BASF.Google Scholar
Jongbloed, AW & Kemme, PA (1990) Effect of pelleting mixed feeds on phytase activity and the apparent absorbability of phosphorus and calcium in pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 28, 233–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jongbloed, AW, Mroz, Z & Kemme, PA (1992) The effect of supplementary Aspergillus niger phytase in diets for pigs on concentration and apparent digestibility of dry matter, total phosphorus, and phytic acid in different sections of the alimentary tract. Journal of Animal Science 70, 1159–1168.Google Scholar
Kanaya, K, Yasumoto, K & Mitsuda, H (1976) Pepsin inhibition by phytate contained in rice bran. Eiyo To Shokuryo 29, 341–346.Google Scholar
Ketaren, PP, Batterham, ES, Dettmann, EB & Farrell, DJ (1993) Phosphorus studies in pigs. 3. Effect of phytase supplementation on the digestibility and availability of phosphorus in soya-bean meal for grower pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 70, 289–311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knuckles, BE, Kuzmicky, DD, Gumbmann, MR & Betschart, AA (1989) Effect of myo-inositol phosphate esters on in vitro and in vivo digestion of protein. Journal of Food Science 54, 1348–1350.Google Scholar
Konishi, C, Matsui, T, Park, H, Yano, H & Yano, F (1999) Heat treatment of soyabean and rapeseed meals suppress rumen degradation of phytate phosphorus in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 80, 115–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornegay, ET (1996 a) Nutritional, environmental and economic considerations for using phytase in pig and poultry diets. In Nutrient Management of Food Animals to Enhance and Protect the Environment, pp. 277–302 [Kornegay, ET, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornegay, ET (1996 b) Effect of Natuphos® phytase on protein and amino acid digestibility and nitrogen retention of poultry. In Phytase in Animal Nutrition and Waste Management, pp. 493–514 [Coelho, MB and Kornegay, ET, editors]. Mount Olive, NJ: BASF Corporation.Google Scholar
Kornegay, ET, Denbow, DM & Zhang, Z (1999) Influence of microbial phytase supplementation of a low protein/amino acid diet on performance, ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids, and carcass measurements of finishing broilers. In Phytase in Animal Nutrition and Waste Management, pp. 557–572 [Coelho, MB and Kornegay, ET, editors]. Mount Olive, NJ: BASF Corporation.Google Scholar
Kornegay, ET, Radcliffe, JS & Zhang, Z (1998) Influence of phytase and diet composition on phosphorus and amino acid digestibilities, and phosphorus and nitrogen excretion in swine. BASF Technical Symposium Preceding Carolina Swine Nutrition Conference, pp. 125–155. Mount Olive, NJ: BASF Corporation.Google Scholar
Ledoux, DR, Firman, JD, Broomhead, JN & Li, YC (1999) Effects of microbial phytase on apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in turkey poults fed a corn-soyabean meal diet formulated on an ideal protein basis. Poultry Science 78, Suppl. 1, 74 Abstr.Google Scholar
Lenis, NP & Jongbloed, AW (1999) New technologies in low pollution swine diets: diet manipulation and use of synthetic amino acids, phytase and phase feeding for reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus excretion and ammonia emission–Review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 12, 305–327.Google Scholar
Lonnerdal, B, Sandberg, A-S, Sandstrom, B & Kunz, C (1989) Inhibitory effects of phytic acid and other inositol phosphates on zinc and calcium absorption in suckling rats. Journal of Nutrition 119, 211–214.Google Scholar
Lott, JNA (1984) Accumulation of seed reserves of phosphorus and other minerals. In Seed Physiology, vol. 1, Development, pp. 139–166 [Murray, DR, editor]. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Maenz, DD & Classen, HL (1988) Phytase activity in the small intestinal brush border membrane of the chicken. Poultry Science 77, 557–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maenz, DD, Engele-Schann, CM, Newkirk, RW & Classen, HL (1999) The effect of minerals and mineral chelators on the formation of phytate-resistant and phytase-susceptible forms of phytic acid in solution and in a slurry of canola meal. Animal Feed Science and Technology 77, 177–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maga, JA (1982) Phytate: its chemistry, occurrence, food interactions, nutritional significance, and methods of analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 30, 1–9.Google Scholar
Martin, CJ & Evans, WJ (1986) Phytic acid-metal ion interactions. II. The effect of pH on Ca(II) binding. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 27, 17–30.Google Scholar
Mollah, Y, Bryden, WL, Wallis, IR, Balnave, D & Annison, EF (1983) Studies of low metabolisable energy wheats for poultry using conventional and rapid assay procedures and the effects of feed processing. British Poultry Science 24, 81–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mroz, Z, Jongbloed, AW & Kemme, P (1994) Apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients bound to phytate complexes as influenced by microbial phytase and feeding regimen in pigs. Journal of Animal Science 72, 126–132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mroz, Z, Krasuki, W & Grela, E (1995 b) Physiological responses of lactating sows to feeding rapeseed ‘00’ and microbial phytase. In Manipulating Pig Production, vol. 5, p. 185 [Hennessy, DP and Cranwell, PD, editors]. Werribee, Australasian Pig Science Association.Google Scholar
Namkung, H & Leeson, S (1999) Effect of phytase enzyme on dietary nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy and the ileal digestibility of nitrogen and amino acids. Poultry Science 78, 1317–1319.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, TS (1967) The utilization of phytate phosphorus by the chick–a review. Poultry Science 46, 862–871.Google Scholar
Nelson, TS, Shieh, TR, Wodzinski, RJ & Ware, JH (1968) The availability of phytate phosphorus in soyabean meal before and after treatment with a mold phytase. Poultry Science 47, 1842–1848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nolan, KB, Duffin, PA & McWeeny, DJ (1987) Effects of phytate on mineral bioavailability: In vitro studies of Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Zinc2+ (also Cd2+) solubilities in the presence of phytate. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 40, 79–85.Google Scholar
Nosworthy, N & Caldwell, RA (1988) The interaction of zinc(II) and phytic acid with soya bean glycinin. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 44, 143–150.Google Scholar
Oberleas, D, Muhrer, ME & O'Dell, BL (1962) Effects of phytic acid on zinc availability and parakeratosis in swine. Journal of Animal Science 21, 57–61.Google Scholar
O'Dell, BL & de Boland, A (1976) Complexation of phytate with proteins and cations in corn grain and oilseed meals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 24, 804–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Officer, DI & Batterham, ES (1992 a) Enzyme supplementation of Linola™ meal for grower pigs. In Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production, vol. 19, p. 288 [Foot, JZ, editor]. Melbourne, Victoria: Latrobe University.Google Scholar
Officer, DI & Batterham, ES (1992 b) Enzyme supplementation of Linola™ meal. In Fourth Biennial Pig Industry Seminar, p 56. Wollongbar, NSW: Wollongbar Agricultural Institute.Google Scholar
Okubo, K, Myers, DV & Iacobucci, GA (1976) Binding of phytic acid to glycinin. Cereal Chemistry 53, 513–524.Google Scholar
Okubo, K, Waldrop, AB, Iacobucci, GA & Myers, DV (1975) Preparation of low-phytate soyabean protein isolate and concentrate by ultrafiltration. Cereal Chemistry 52, 263–271.Google Scholar
Omosaiye, O & Cheryan, M (1979) Low-phytate, full fat soy protein product by ultrafiltration of aqueous extracts of whole soyabeans. Cereal Chemistry 56, 58–62.Google Scholar
Phillippy, BQ (1999) Susceptibility of wheat and Aspergillus niger phytases to inactivation by gastrointestinal enzymes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47, 1385–1388.Google Scholar
Porres, JM, Stahl, CH, Cheng, WH, Fu, Y, Roneker, KR, Pond, WG & Lei, XG (1999) Dietary intrinsic phytate protects colon from lipid peroxidation in pigs with a moderately high dietary iron intake. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 221, 80–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prattley, CA & Stanley, DW (1982) Protein-phytate interactions in soyabeans. I. Localisation of phytate in protein bodies and globoids. Journal of Food Biochemistry 6, 243–253.Google Scholar
Prattley, CA, Stanley, DW & van der Voort, FR (1982) Protein-phytate interactions in soyabeans. II. Mechanism of protein-phytate binding as affected by calcium. Journal of Food Biochemistry 6, 255–271.Google Scholar
Rajendran, S & Prakash, V (1993) Kinetics and thermodynamics of the mechanism of interaction of sodium phytate with α-globulin. Biochemistry 32, 3474–3478.Google Scholar
Ravindran, V (1995) Phytases in poultry nutrition. An overview. Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium, vol. 7, pp. 135–139 [Balnave, D, editor]. Sydney, NSW Poultry Research Foundation and The World's Poultry Science Association.Google Scholar
Ravindran, V & Bryden, WL (1999) Amino acid availability in poultry–in vitro and in vivo measurements. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 889–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, V, Bryden, WL & Kornegay, ET (1995) Phytates: occurrence, bioavailability and implications in poultry nutrition. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews 6, 125–143.Google Scholar
Ravindran, V, Cabahug, S, Ravindran, G & Bryden, WL (1999 a) Influence of microbial phytase on apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in feedstuffs for broilers. Poultry Science 78, 699–706.Google Scholar
Ravindran, V, Cabahug, S, Selle, PH & Bryden, WL (2000 a) Response of broiler chickens to microbial phytase supplementation as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorus levels. II. Effects on apparent metabolisable energy, nutrient digestibility and nutrient retention. British Poultry Science 41, 193–200.Google Scholar
Ravindran, V, Hew, LI, Ravindran, G & Bryden, WL (1999 b) A comparison of ileal digesta and excreta analysis for the determination of amino acid digestibility in food ingredients for poultry. British Poultry Science 40, 266–274.Google Scholar
Ravindran, V, Selle, PH & Bryden, WL (1999 c) Effects of phytase supplementation, individually and in combination, with glycanase on the nutritive value of wheat and barley. Poultry Science 78, 1588–1595.Google Scholar
Ravindran, V, Selle, PH, Ravindran, G, Morel, PCH, Kies, AK & Bryden, WL (2000 b) Microbial phytase improves performance, metabolizable energy and ileal amino acid digestibility of broilers fed a lysine-deficient diet. Poultry Science 79 (In the Press).Google Scholar
Reddy, NR, Sathe, SK & Pierson, MD (1988) Removal of phytate from great northern beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Journal of Food Science 53, 107–147.Google Scholar
Reddy, NR, Sathe, SK & Salunkhe, DK (1982) Phytates in legumes and cereals. Advances in Food Research 28, 1–91.Google Scholar
Rojas, SW & Scott, ML (1969) Factors affecting the nutritive value of cottonseed meal as a protein source in chick diets. Poultry Science 48, 819–835.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rutherfurd, SM, Edwards, ACE & Selle, PH (1997) Effect of phytase on lysine-rice pollard complexes. In Manipulating Pig Production, vol. 6, p. 248 [Cranwell, PD, editor]. Werribee, Victoria: Australasian Pig Science Association.Google Scholar
Rutherfurd, SM & Moughan, PJ (1997) The Effect of Phytase on the in vitro Nitrogen and Amino Acid Digestibility and Availability of Supplemented Amino Acids in Six Pig Diets. Palmerston North, New Zealand: Monogastric Research Centre, Massey University.Google Scholar
Sandstead, HH (1992) Fiber, phytates and mineral nutrition. Nutrition Reviews 50, 30–31.Google Scholar
Sauer, W, Dugan, M, de Lange, K, Imbeah, M & Mogenthin, R (1989) Considerations in methodology for the determination of amino acid digestibilities in feedstuffs for pigs. In Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids, vol. 3, pp. 217–230 [Friedman, M, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Sauer, WC & Ozimek, L (1986) Digestibility of amino acids in swine: results and their practical applications. A review. Livestock Production Science 15, 367–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sebastian, S, Touchburn, SP, Chavez, ER & Lague, PC (1997) Apparent digestibility of protein and amino acids in broiler chickens fed a corn-soyabean diet supplemented with microbial phytase. Poultry Science 76, 1760–1769.Google Scholar
Selle, PH, Ravindran, V, Pittolo, PH & Bryden, WL (1999) An evaluation of microbial phytase in sorghum-based broiler diets. Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium, vol. 11, pp. 97–100 [Farrell, DJ, editor]. Sydney NSW: Poultry Research Foundation and The World's Poultry Science Association.Google Scholar
Shamsuddin, AM (1999) Metabolism and cellular functions of IP6: a review. Anticancer Research 19, 3733–3736.Google Scholar
Sharma, CB, Goel, M & Irshad, M (1978) Myoinositol hexaphosphate as a potential inhibitor of α-amylases. Phytochemistry 17, 201–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simons, PCM, Versteegh, HAJ, Jongbloed, AW, Kemme, PA, Slump, P, Bos, KD, Wolters, MGE, Beudeker, RF & Verschoor, GJ (1990) Improvement of phosphorus availability by microbial phytase in broilers and pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 64, 525–540.Google Scholar
Singh, M & Krikorian, AD (1982) Inhibition of trypsin activity by phytate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 30, 799–800.Google Scholar
Siriwan, P, Bryden, WL & Annison, EF (1994) Use of guanidated dietary protein to measure losses of endogenous amino acids in poultry. British Journal of Nutrition 71, 515–529.Google Scholar
Smith, AK & Rackis, JJ (1957) Phytin elimination in soyabean protein isolation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 79, 633–637.Google Scholar
Taylor, TG (1965) The availability of the calcium and phosphorus of plant materials for animals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 24, 105–111.Google Scholar
Taverner, MR, Hume, ID & Farrell, DJ (1981) Availability to pigs of amino acids in cereal grains. I. Endogenous levels of amino acids in the ileal digesta and faeces of pigs given cereal diets. British Journal of Nutrition 46, 149–158.Google Scholar
Thompson, LU (1988) Antinutrients and blood glucose. Food Technology 42, 123–131.Google Scholar
Thompson, LU & Yoon, JH (1984) Starch digestibility as affected by polyphenols and phytic acid. Journal of Food Science 49, 1228–1229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torre, M, Rodriguez, AR & Saura-Calixto, F (1991) Effects of dietary fiber and phytic acid on mineral availability. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 1, 1–22.Google Scholar
Turk, M, Sandberg, A-S, Carlsson, N-G & Andlid, T (2000) Inositol hexaphosphate hydrolysis by baker's yeast. Capacity, kinetics and degradation products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 100–104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaintraub, IA & Bulmaga, VP (1991) Effect of phytate on the in vitro activity of digestive proteinases. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39, 859–861.Google Scholar
van der Klis, JD, Versteegh, HAJ (1991) Ileal absorption of phosphorus in lightweight white laying hens using microbial phytase and various calcium contents in laying hen feed. Spelderholt Publication no. 563. Beekbergen, The Netherlands: Spelderholt Centre for Poultry Research and Information Services, DLO-Institute for Animal Science and Health.Google Scholar
Walker, ARP & Walker, BF (1992) Fiber, phytic acid and mineral metabolism. Nutrition Reviews 50, 246–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weremko, D, Fandrejewski, H, Zebrowska, T, Han, K, Kim, JH & Cho, WT (1997) Bioavailability of phosphorus in feeds of plant origin for pigs. Review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 10, 551–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wise, A (1983) Dietary factors determining the biological activity of phytates. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews in Clinical Nutrition 53, 791–806.Google Scholar
Wodzinski, RJ & Ullah, AHJ (1996) Phytase. Advances in Applied Microbiology 42, 263–303.Google Scholar
Yi, Z & Kornegay, ET (1996) Sites of phytase activity in the gastrointestinal tract of young pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 61, 361–368.Google Scholar
Yi, Z, Kornegay, ET & Denbow, DM (1996) Effect of microbial phytase on nitrogen and amino acid digestibility and nitrogen retention of turkey poults fed corn-soyabean meal diets. Poultry Science 75, 979–990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zebrowska, T, Low, AG & Zebrowska, H (1983) Studies on gastric digestion of protein and carbohydrate, gastric and exocrine pancreatic secretion in the growing pig. British Journal of Nutrition 49, 401–410.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, X, Roland, DA, McDaniel, GR & Rao, SK (1999) Effect of Natuphos® phytase supplementation to feed on performance and ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in broilers. Poultry Science 78, 1567–1572.Google Scholar
Zhang, ZB, Kornegay, ET & Denbow, DM (1999) Evaluation of phytase and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes added alone and in combination on nutrient utilization of individual and mixtures of feedstuffs with adult cecectomized roosters. Poultry Science 78, Suppl. 1 73 Abstr.Google Scholar
Zyla, K (1993) The role of acid phosphatase activity during enzymic dephosphorylation of phytates by Aspergillus niger phytase. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 9, 117–119.Google Scholar
Zyla, K, Gogol, D, Koreleski, J, Swiatkiewicz, S & Ledoux, DR (1999) Simultaneous application of phytase and xylanase to broiler feeds based on wheat: feeding experiment with growing broilers. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 79, 1841–1848.Google Scholar
Zyla, K, Koreleski, J, Swiatkiewicz, S, Wikiera, A, Kujawski, M, Piironen, J & Ledoux, DR (2000) Effects of phosphorolytic and cell wall degrading enzymes on the performance of growing broilers fed wheat-based diets containing different calcium levels. Poultry Science 79, 66–76.Google Scholar