Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-02T15:35:33.328Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Historical and cultural negotiations in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah: Beyond the utopia of ‘unity in diversity’

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 January 2023

Abstract

There have been some changes to Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, a popular ethnographic theme park built nearly five decades ago during President Suharto's New Order era to present a utopian version of ‘Unity in Diversity’ (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika), Indonesia's state motto. This article discusses the changes and continuities manifested in the present-day slightly expanded Taman Mini. Unlike earlier scholarship focusing on sociopolitical and symbolic aspects of the theme park, this article argues that Taman Mini's mainly domestic visitors understand and interact with its walk-in models of traditional architecture and ‘highlights’ of Indonesian culture and history in ways that often differ from the official script which presents cultural diversity through sanitised ethnographic displays. Moving beyond its official, touristic and commercial intentions and design, Taman Mini has become a lively place for everyday cultural production, engagement and negotiation for its many Indonesian visitors.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The National University of Singapore, 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

This research was partly funded by Universitas Indonesia.

References

1 Shelly Errington, The death of authentic primitive art (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), pp. 188–227.

2 Vincent Houben, ‘Representations of modernity in colonial Indonesia’, in Figurations of modernity: Global and local representations in comparative perspective, ed. Vincent Houben and Mona Schrempf (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), pp. 23–38.

3 John Pemberton, On the subject of ‘Java’ (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), pp. 152–61.

4 Tim Lindsey, ‘Concrete ideology: Taste, tradition, and the Javanese past in New Order Indonesia’, in Culture and society in New Order Indonesia, ed. Virginia Matheson Hooker (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 166–82. See Abidin Kusno, Behind the postcolonial: Architecture, urban space, and political cultures in Indonesia (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 2000). See Michel Picard, ‘Cultural tourism in Bali: National integration and regional differentiation’, in Tourism in South-East Asia, ed. Michael Hitchcock, Victor T. King and Michael J.G. Parnwell (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 71–98. See also Hitchcock, Michael, ‘Tourism, Taman Mini and national identity’, Indonesia and the Malay World 26, 74 (1998): 124–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Edward M. Bruner, Culture on tour: Ethnographies of travel (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).

6 James T. Siegel, Fetish, recognition, revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), pp. 3–4.

7 The Dutch presented the culture of the Indies in some international exhibitions, including in 1883 (Amsterdam), in 1910 (Brussels), and in 1931 (Paris), as well as in local exhibitions such as the Pasar Gambir in Batavia and the 1914 Colonial Exhibition in Semarang, Central Java. See Yulia Nurliani Lukito, ‘Colonial exhibition and a laboratory of modernity: Hybrid architecture at Batavia's Pasar Gambir’, Indonesia 100 (2015): 77–103.

8 Reimar Schefold, ‘The domestication of culture: Nation-building and ethnic diversity in Indonesia’, in ‘Globalization, localization and Indonesia’, special issue, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 154, 2 (1998): 259–80. See also Benedict R. O'G. Anderson, Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (London: Verso, 1991), p. 26. On Taman Mini, see Pemberton, John, from, ‘RecollectionsBeautiful Indonesia” (Somewhere beyond the postmodern)’, Public Culture 6 (1994): 241–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Errington, Shelly, ‘The cosmic theme park of the Javanese’, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs 31, 1 (1997): 188227Google Scholar.

9 Hitchcock, Michael, ‘Tourism, Taman Mini and national identity’, Indonesia and the Malay World 26, 74 (1998): 124–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 Mrázek, Rudolf, ‘Bypasses and flyovers: Approaching the metropolitan history of Indonesia’, Social History 29, 4 (2004): 425–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Clifford Geertz, The social history of an Indonesian town (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965). See also Daniels, Timothy P., ‘Imagining selves and inventing Festival Sriwijaya’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 30, 1 (1999): 3853CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Hitchcock, ‘Tourism, Taman Mini and national identity’.

13 Taman Mini Publication Committee, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah: 20 April 197520 April 1997 (Jakarta: Jayakarta Agung Offset, 1997), author's translation.

14 Hitchcock, ‘Tourism, Taman Mini and national identity’, p. 127.

15 Pemberton, ‘Recollections from “Beautiful Indonesia”’.

16 Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DKI Jakarta, ‘Number of tourists who visit featured tourism objects by location, 2011–2015’, 30 Jan. 2017, https://jakarta.bps.go.id/statictable/2017/01/30/158/jumlah-kunjungan-wisatawan-ke-obyek-wisata-unggulan-menurut-lokasi-2011-2015.html (accessed 10 July 2019); see also Picard, ‘Cultural tourism’, pp. 71–98.

17 According to Governor DKI Jakarta, Decree no. 3498/1984, the original site of Taman Mini has been decreased by 19,865 ha for the Purna Bakti Pertiwi Museum and by 2.5 ha for the Pinang Ranti bus terminal.

18 Cited in Pemberton, ‘Recollections from “Beautiful Indonesia”’, pp. 249–50.

19 Ibid., p. 249.

20 Pierre Bourdieu and J.C. Passeron, Reproduction in education, society and culture, trans. R. Nice (London: Sage, 1990).

21 Pemberton, ‘Recollections from “Beautiful Indonesia”’, p. 256.

22 Tony Bennett, ‘The exhibitionary complex’, New Formations 4 (1988): 73–102.

23 Frances Gouda, Dutch culture overseas: Colonial practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900–1942 (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1995).

24 Moojen was a Dutch architect who worked on the restoration of temples in Bali after the big earthquake in 1906 and wrote some books on Balinese art and architecture.

25 Marieke Bloembergen, Colonial spectacles: The Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies at the World Exhibitions, 1880–1931, trans. Beverly Jackson (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2006).

26 Michel Picard, ‘Cultural tourism, nation-building and regional culture: The making of a Balinese identity’, in Tourism, ethnicity and the state in Asian and Pacific societies, ed. Michel Picard and Robert E. Wood (Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 1997).

27 Susan Steward, ‘Miniature’, in On longing: Narratives of the miniature, the gigantic, the souvenir, the collection (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1984).

28 Akiko Busch, The art of the architectural model (Hong Kong: Design, 1991), p. 11.

29 Hoffstaedter, Gerhard, ‘Representing culture in Malaysian cultural theme parks: Tensions and contradictions’, Anthropological Forum 18, 2 (2008): 139–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

30 Ibid.

31 Fred Davis, Yearning for yesterday: A sociology of nostalgia (New York: Free Press, 1979).

32 Andreas Huyssen, ‘Nostalgia for ruins’, Grey Room 23 (2006): 6–21.

33 Arjun Appadurai, ‘Consumption, duration, and history’, in Streams of cultural capital: Transnational cultural studies, ed. David Palumbo-Liu and Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997), pp. 23–45.

34 Hadiz, Vedi R., ‘Indonesian political Islam: Capitalist development and the legacies of the Cold War’, Journal of Current South East Asian Affairs 30, 1 (2011): 338CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 Adrian Vickers, ‘The New Order: Keeping up appearances’, in Indonesia today: Challenges of history, ed. Grayson Lloyd and Shannon Smith (Singapore: ISEAS, 2001), pp. 72–84.

36 Kusno, Behind the postcolonial.

37 Marilyn Halter, Shopping identity: The marketing of ethnicity (New York: Schocken, 2000).

38 Schlehe, Judith, ‘Concepts of Asia, the West and the self in contemporary Indonesia: An anthropological account’, South East Asia Research 21, 3 (2013): 497515CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

39 Koentjaraningrat, Javanese culture (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 116.

40 Sanoesi Pane, ‘Persatuan Indonesia’ [Indonesian unity], in Polemik kebudayaan [Cultural polemics], ed. Achdiat K. Mihardja (Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya, 1977), pp. 22–6.

41 Yampolsky, Philip, ‘Forces for change in the regional performing arts of Indonesia’, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 151, 4 (1995): 700–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Edi Sedyawati, ‘Tari: Bidang seni yang paling maju dalam proses pembentukan kesatuan nasional’ [Dance: The art form most advanced in the process of building national unity], in Evaluasi dan strategi kebudayaan, ed. Muhadjir (Depok: Fakultas Sastra Universitas Indonesia, 1987), pp. 245–51.

42 Anderson, Benedict R. O'G., ‘Notes on contemporary Indonesian political communication’, Indonesia 16 (1973): 3880CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

43 Geertz, Clifford, ‘Popular art and the Javanese tradition’, Indonesia 50 (1990): 8089CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

44 Jan Mrázek, Wayang and its doubles: Javanese puppet theatre, television, and the Internet (Singapore: National University of Singapore Press, 2019).

45 Jan Mrázek, Puppet theater in contemporary Indonesia: New approaches to performance events (Ann Arbor: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of Michigan, 2002).

46 Ibid.

47 Eric J. Hobsbawm, Nations and nationalism since 1780: Programme, myth, reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). See also Anderson, Imagined communities.

48 Geertz, ‘Popular art and the Javanese tradition’.

49 Interview, Dec. 2013.

50 Kees van Dijk, A country in despair: Indonesia between 1997 and 2000 (Leiden: KITLV Press, 2001).

51 Tzvetan Todorov, The moral of history, trans. Alyson Waters (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995). See also Michel De Certeau, The practice of everyday life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).

52 Rika Agata, ‘An Imlek perspective of Chinese-Indonesians’, Jakarta Post, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/02/17/an-imlek-perspective-chinese-indonesians.html (last accessed 17 Nov. 2021).

53 Anderson, Benedict R. O'G., ‘Old state, new society: Indonesia's New Order in comparative historical perspective’, Journal of Asian Studies 42, 3 (1983): 477–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

54 Nordholt, Henk Schulte, ‘The making of traditional Bali: Colonial ethnography and bureaucratic reproduction’, History and Anthropology 8, 1–4 (1994): 89–127CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

55 ‘Anjungan Tionghoa Seluas 4,5 hektar segera hadir di TMII’ [4.5-ha Chinese pavilion coming soon to TMII], Detik News, https://news.detik.com/berita/d-1305901/-anjungan-tionghoa-seluas-45-hektar-segera-hadir-di-tmii (last accessed 24 Nov. 2021). One of the supporters and donors is the Sultan of the historic Yogyakarta Sultanate, Hamengkubuwono X, who is also the Governor of Yogyakarta.

56 Thung Ju-Lan discussed identity among Chinese Indonesians and classified respondents under various categories such as: the persistence of Chineseness, assimilation to Indonesian-ness, a global identity, and those who felt that identity was irrelevant. Thung Ju-Lan, ‘Identities in flux: Young Chinese in Jakarta’ (PhD diss., La Trobe University, 1998).

57 Ong Hok Ham and J.J. Rizal, Riwayat Tionghoa peranakan di Jawa [The history of the Chinese peranakan in Java] (Depok: Komunitas Bambu, 2005). See also Yumi Kitamura, ‘Museum as the representation of ethnicity: The construction of Chinese Indonesian ethnic identity in post-Soeharto Indonesia’, Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 8–9 (2007), https://kyotoreview.org/issue-8-9/ (last accessed 11 Dec. 2021).

58 Nick Stanley, Being ourselves for you: The global display of cultures (London: Middlesex University Press, 1998).

59 Cohen, Erik, ‘Authenticity and commoditization in tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research 15 (1988): 371–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Erik Cohen, ‘Ethnic tourism in Southeast Asia’, in Tourism, anthropology and China, ed. Tan Chee-Beng, Sidney C.H. Cheung and Yang Hui (Bangkok: White Lotus, 2001), pp. 27–52.