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Reframing the Lives of Gelasius II, Calixtus II and Honorius II in the Context of the 1130 Schism
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 April 2024
Abstract
During the 1130 schism, the Anacletian Cardinal Pandulf wrote three Lives of Gelasius II, Calixtus II and Honorius II. Historiography has usually read these Lives literally, as biographies. However, if they are considered in the light of the context in which they were written, our working hypothesis is that Pandulf created these Lives in order to support Anacletus and delegitimate his enemies. They therefore function as propaganda rather than as biographies. In this article passages from each Life will be presented that are significant in reading these works from the point of view of an Anacletian supporter in the context of the schism.
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Footnotes
All translations are the authors' own unless otherwise stated; all references to the Liber pontificalis are to the Přerovský edition unless otherwise stated.
References
1 The supporters of Innocent ii were: cardinal-bishops: Matthew of Albano, John of Ostia, William of Preneste, Conrad of Sabina and Guy of Tivoli; cardinal-priests: Peter of St Anastasia, Goselinus of St Cecilia, Rusticus of St Ciriaco alle Terme, Hubert of St Clemente, Gerard of St Croce, John of St Crisogono, Anselm of St Lorenzo in Lucina and Peter of SS Martino e Silvestro; cardinal-deacons: Stephen of St Lucia in Orphea, Haimeric of St Maria Nuova, Romanus of St Maria in Portico, Guy of St Maria in via Lata, Gregory of SS Sergio e Bacco and Albert of St Teodoro.
2 The supporters of Anacletus ii were: cardinal-bishops: Peter of Porto and Egidius of Tusculum; cardinal-priests: Gregory of SS Apostoli, Aldericus of SS Giovanni e Paolo, Crescentius of SS Marcellino e Pietro, Peter of St Marcello, Gregory of St Balbina, Boniface of St Marco, Amicus of SS Nereo e Achilleo, Matthew of St Pietro in vinculis, Desiderius of St Prassede, Comes of St Sabina, Sigizo of St Sisto, Saxo of St Stefano al monte Celio, Peter of St Susanna and Lictefredus of St Vitale; cardinal-deacons: Oderisius of St Agata, Johnata of SS Cosma e Damiano, Gregory of St Eustachio, Angel of St Maria in Domnica and John of St Nicola in Carcere Tulliano.
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11 ‘Hii omnes, vitantes scandalum quod in huiusmodi solet electionibus pro peccatis nostris accidere … convenerunt': Liber pontificalis, ii. 731.
12 U.-R. Blumenthal, The early councils of Pope Paschal II, 1100–1110, Toronto 1978, and ‘Paschal ii and the Roman primacy’, Archivum Historiae Pontificiae xvi (1978), 67–92; C. Servatius, Paschalis II. (1099–1118): Studien zu seiner Person und seiner Politik, Stuttgart 1979; G. M. Cantarella, Pasquale II e il suo tempo, Naples 2002.
13 C. Wickham, Medieval Rome: stability and crisis of a city, 900–1150, Oxford 2014, 428.
14 Liber pontificalis, ii. 730.
15 A. Becker, Papst Urban II. (1088–1099), Stuttgart 1964, i. 91–6; Cantarella, Pasquale II, 26–31; J. Ziese, Wibert von Ravenna: der Gegenpapst Clemens III. (1084–1110), Stuttgart 1982, 50–64; U. Longo and L. Yawn, ‘Framing Clement iii (anti)pope, 1080–1100’, Reti Medievali xiii (2012), 115–19.
16 E. Veneziani, ‘Problemi dell'elezione di Vittore iii (1086–1087)’, Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo cxviii (2016) 141–56.
17 M. Thumser, ‘Die Frangipane: Abriß der Geschichte einer Adelsfamilie im hochmittelalterlichen Rom’, Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken lxxi (1991), 106–63; Wickham, Medieval Rome, 230, 293–4.
18 Liber pontificalis, ii. 731–2.
19 Ibid. i. 91.
20 R. Hüls, Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen 1977, 149.
21 Ibid. 167. See also Renzi, ‘Uno sguardo altro sul papato’, 293–5, and Mauricius Bracarensis archiepiscopus, quae est civitas Hispaniae: le fonti narrative europee sull'arcivescovo di Braga e antipapa Gregorio VIII Maurizio ‘Burdino’ (secoli XII–XIII), Oporto 2021, 86–7 and relative notes.
22 Liber pontificalis (Duchesne edition), ii. 319 and n. 11; L. Duchesne, ‘Les Titres presbytéraux et les diaconies’, in L. Duchesne (ed.), Scripta minora: études de topographie romaine et de géographie ecclésiastique, Rome 1973, 17–43; Robinson, The papacy (1073–1198), 63. On cardinals see the classic works J. Brixius, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130–1181, Berlin 1912; B. Zenker, Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums von 1130 bis 1159, Würzburg 1964; W. Maleczek, ‘Das Kardinalskollegium unter Innocenz ii. und “Anaklet ii.”’, Archivum Historiae Pontificiae xix (1981), 27–78; and H. Tillmann, ‘Ricerche sull'origine dei membri del collegio cardinalizio nel xii secolo’, Rivista di storia della Chiesa in Italia xxvi (1972), 313–53.
23 S. Anzoise, ‘Per una riconsiderazione dello scisma del 1130: il ruolo dei cardinali dal 1059’, unpubl. MA diss. Pisa 2009, 149–50 and nn. 431–2.
24 Liber pontificalis, ii. 737; Hüls, Kardinäle, 236–7.
25 Liber pontificalis, ii. 730–2; Liber pontificalis (Duchesne edn), ii. 319 and nn. 11–13.
26 MGH, Leges, Concilia aevi Karolini [742–842], Hannover–Leipzig 1906, ii. 1, p. 86; H.-G. Krause, Das Papstwahldekret von 1059 und seine Rolle im Investiturstreit, Rome 1960, 271–5; Robinson, The papacy (1073–1198), 35–6; A. Paravicini Bagliani, Morte e elezione del papa: norme, riti e conflitti, Rome 2013, 10–29.
27 ‘Nec mora; captus ab omnibus, laudatur ab omnibus; nec non etiam ab episcopis, quorum nulla prorsus est in alia electione praesulis Romani potestas nisi approbandi vel contra': Liber pontificalis, ii. 731–2.
28 ‘Ut, obeunte huius Romane universalis ecclesiae pontifice, inprimis cardinale episcopi diligentissima simul consideratione tractantes, mox sibi clericos cardinale adhibeant': Krause, Das Papstwahldekret, 271–2.
29 Stroll, The Jewish pope, 91–2, and The medieval abbey of Farfa: target of papal and imperial ambitions, Leiden–New York–Köln 1997, 200. Similar accusations were already expressed by Cardinal Deusdedit in his Collectio Canonum (1086–7): U.-R. Blumenthal, ‘Fälschungen bei Kanonisten der Kirchenreform des 11. Jahrhunderts’, in Fälschungen im Mittelalter: Internationaler Kongreß der Monumenta Germaniae Historica München, Hannover 1988, ii. 241–62.
30 ‘Postremo nec vestrum sicut nec meum fuit eligere sed potius electum a fratribus spernere vel approbare': William of Malmesbury, De historia novella by William of Malmesbury, trans. K. R. Potter, London 1955, 8.
31 ‘Quod igitur, neglecto ordine, contempto canone spreto etiam ipso a vobis condito anathemate, me inconsulto priore vestro, inconsultis etiam fratribus majoribus et prioribus nec etiam vocatis aut expectatis, cum essetis novitii et in numero brevi paucissimi, facere praesumpsistis’: ibid.
32 O. Capitani, ‘Problematica della Disceptatio Synodalis’, in Studi gregoriani X, Rome 1975, 143–74; Stroll, The Jewish pope, 91–2.
33 Krause, Das Papstwahldekret, 272–3; Robinson, The papacy (1073–1198), 35–6.
34 Palumbo, Lo scisma del MCXXX, 272–3, 384; Stroll, The Jewish pope, 82–90. We would like to amend a mistake in E. Veneziani, ‘Sed patitur Caelestis, ego nescio cur, aliquando quae nollet – Alcune considerazioni sull'elezione di Onorio ii’, in S. Blank and C. Cappuccio (eds), L'universalità del papato medievale (sec. VI–XIII): nuove prospettive di ricerca, Milan 2022, 120, where only Peter of Porto is noted.
35 Decrees of the ecumenical councils, ed. N. P. Tanner, Washington, DC 1990, i. 205–25. On the Third Lateran Council see D. Summerlin, The canons of the Third Lateran Council of 1179: their origins and reception, Cambridge 2019.
36 See, for example, Liber pontificalis, ii. 732–4.
37 Wickham, Medieval Rome, 29–31.
38 Liber pontificalis, ii. 731. See also Wickham, Medieval Rome, 230, 293–4, and L. Marchiori, ‘Medieval wall painting in the church of Santa Maria in Pallara, Rome: the use of objective dating criteria’, Papers of the British School at Rome lxxvii (2009), 225.
39 Liber pontificalis, ii. 732–4, 738–9.
40 Wickham, Medieval Rome, 6.
41 Liber pontificalis, ii. 734.
42 ‘Annales Romani’, in MGH, Scriptores, ed. G.-H. Pertz, Hannover 1844, v. 477. See also Wickham, Medieval Rome, 246.
43 M. Stroll, ‘Calixtus ii: a reinterpretation of his election and the end of the Investiture Contest’, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History iii (1980), 4–53, and Calixtus II (1119–1124): a pope born to rule, Leiden–Boston 2004, 57–71; B. Schilling, Guido von Vienne – Papst Calixt II., Hannover 1998, 390–403, 445–61. See also S. Chodorow, ‘Ecclesiastical politics and the ending of the Investiture Contest: the papal election of 1119 and the negotiations of Mouzon’, Speculum xlvi (1971), 613–37.
44 Krause, Das Papstwahldekret, 273.
45 Ibid. See also Paravicini Bagliani, Morte e elezione, 21.
46 K. Pennington, Pope and bishops: the papal monarchy in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Philadelphia 1984, 87, 93, 97; F. Roumy, ‘L'Origine et la diffusion de l'adage canonique “Necessitas non habet legem” (viiie–xiiie)’, in W. P. Müller and M. E. Sommar (eds), Medieval church law and the origins of the Western legal tradition: a tribute to Kenneth Pennington, Washington, DC 2006, 301–19; G. M. Cantarella, ‘Dalla “necessitas” alla “dispensatio”: un'indagine sul lessico in Bernardo di Clairvaux’, in R. I. Castillo Lara (ed.), Studia in honorem eminentissimi cardinalis Alphonsi M. Stickler, Rome 1992, 37–50.
47 Liber pontificalis, ii. 745–6.
48 MGH, Leges, ii. 1, p. 86.
49 R. McKitterick, Rome and the invention of the papacy: the Liber pontificalis, Cambridge 2020, 38–67, 83–4; Renzi, ‘Uno sguardo altro sul papato’, 310–11 and nn. See also O. Condorelli, ‘L'elezione di Maurizio Burdino (Gregorio viii), il concilio di Reims e la scomunica di Irnerio (1119)’, Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law xxxvii (2020), 1–64.
50 Liber pontificalis, ii. 741; Stroll, Calixtus II, 58.
51 Liber pontificalis, ii. 741; Stroll, Calixtus II, 58.
52 U.-R. Blumenthal, ‘The papacy, 1024–1122’, in D. Luscombe and J. Riley-Smith (eds), The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1024–c.1198, Cambridge 2004, iv/2, 33.
53 Krause, Das Papstwahldekret, 273.
54 Liber pontificalis, ii. 745–6.
55 Historia Compostellana, ed. E. Falque Rey, Turnhout 1988, ii. ix; Hüls, Kardinäle, 122–3 and nn. 28–9 (124); Z. Zafarana, ‘Bosone’, in Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, Rome 1971, xiii, at <https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bosone_res-b6e7f78d-87e8-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)/>; Anzoise, Per una riconsiderazione, 80–1 and n. 217.
56 Historia Compostellana, ii. ix; ‘Lambertus Ostiensis et Boso Portuensis, Cono Praenestinus et Iohannes Cremensis aliique plures de Romano senatu clerici affuere, quibus specialis praerogativa concessa est papam eligere et consecrare’: Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, ed. M. Chibnall, Oxford 1969, vi. 184, 202.
57 Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum Ecclesiasticorum, Dogmaticorum. Moralium Amplissima Collectio, ed. E. Martène and U. Durand, Paris 1724, i. 647–9.
58 T. di Carpegna Falconieri, Il clero di Roma nel medioevo: istituzioni e politica cittadina (secoli VIII–XIII), Rome 2002, 86–101.
59 J. Johrendt, ‘Das Innozenzianische Schisma aus kurialer Perspektive’, in H. Müller, H. Hotz and B. Hotz (eds), Gegenpäpste: ein unerwünschtes mittelalterliches Phänomen, Vienna 2012, 127–63.
60 Liber pontificalis, ii. 741.
61 Ibid. ii. 745.
62 Ibid. ii. 730.
63 William of Malmesbury, De historia novella, 8.
64 E. Caspar (ed.), Das Register Gregors VII, in MGH, Epistolae Selectae, Berlin 1923, II.1, 5–6; II.2, 1–2.
65 Liber pontificalis, ii. 746.
66 Historia Compostellana, ii. xiv.
67 Stroll, Calixtus II, 58–74.
68 G. M. Cantarella, ‘Come in uno specchio? Di nuovo su Ponzio di Cluny (1109–1122/26)’, Bullettino dell'Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medio Evo cxvi (2014), 61–91. See also E. Veneziani, ‘La caduta di Ponzio, dramatis personae’, in M. Ferrero (ed.), Un abate, un monastero, un Crocifisso: Ponzio di Melgueil da Cluny a Campus Sion, Vicenza 2019, 54–5.
69 Historia Compostellana, ii. ix.
70 Veneziani, ‘Sed patitur Caelestis’, 117–18; Schilling, Papst Calixt II., 390–403, 445–61.
71 L. C. Amaral and M. J. Barroca, Condessa-Rainha: D. Teresa, Lisboa 2012, 133–54, 175, 187–95, 198–207, 209–14, 274–86; Cantarella, ‘Come in uno specchio?’, 61–91; Stroll, The Jewish pope, 21–54; C. M. Reglero de la Fuente, Cluny en España: los prioratos de la provincia y sus redes sociales (1073–ca.1270), León 2008, 606–9.
72 Liber pontificalis, ii. 756.
73 ‘Annales Romani’, 479; Wickham, Medieval Rome, 398–426; F. Renzi, ‘“Imperator Burdinum Hispanum Romanae sedi violenter imposuit”: a research proposal on the archbishop of Braga and antipope Gregory viii, Maurice “Bourdin”’, Imago Temporis: Medium Aevum xii (2018), 233.
74 Bullaire du Pape Calixte II. 1119–1124, ed. U. Robert, Paris 1881, i. 337–8.
75 M. Stroll, Symbols as power: the papacy following the Investiture Contest, Leiden–Boston–New York 1991, 17–39, 67–70, 208–11; Schilling, Papst Calixt II., 589–603. See also I. Herklotz, ‘Die Beratungsräume Calixtus ii. im Lateranpalast und ihre Fresken: Kunst und Propaganda am Ende des Investiturstreits’, Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte lii (1989), 145–214, and K. Schreiner, ‘Gregor VIII., nackt auf einem Esel. Entehrende Entblößung und schandbares Reiten im Spiegel einer Miniatur der Sächsischen Weltchronik’, in D. Berg and H.-W. Goetz (eds), Ecclesia et regnum: Beiträge zur Geschichte von Kirche, Recht und Staat im Mittelalter: Festschrift für Franz-Josef Schmale zu seinem 65. Geburtstag, Bochum 1989, 155–202.
76 Liber pontificalis, ii. 746; ‘Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum, 911–1197’, in MGH, Leges, ed. L. Weiland, Hannover 1893, i. 575.
77 Ibid. i. 120–3. On Honorius ii see E. Veneziani, The papacy and ecclesiology of Honorius II (1124–1130): church governance after the Concordat of Worms, Woodbridge 2023.
78 T. di Carpegna Falconieri, ‘Vittore iv, antipapa’, in Dizionario biografico degli Italiani, Rome 2020, at <https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antipapa-vittore-iv_res-cc14aafb-2816-11eb-aba9-00271042e8d9_(Dizionario–Biografico)/>.
79 E. Veneziani, ‘The strange case of Deusdedit and Pandulf: two accounts of Honorius ii's election’, in C. Heath and R. Houghton (eds), Conflict and violence in medieval Italy, 568–1154, Amsterdam 2022, 299–323.
80 Liber pontificalis, ii. 730, 737, 745–6.
81 C. Vircillo Franklin, ‘History and rhetoric in the Liber pontificalis of the twelfth century’, Journal of Medieval Latin xxiii (2013), 29.
82 ‘Quoniam videbatur aliquando rigidus in iustitia, a domno Paschali receptus est et in episcopum Bellitrensem promotus, siquidem episcopus habitu videbatur': Liber pontificalis, ii. 750. The episcopal sees of Velletri and Ostia were officially joined together in 1150. See Louis Duchesne, ‘Le sedi episcopali nell'antico ducato di Roma’, in Scripta minora, 435.
83 Liber pontificalis, ii. 750. However, there were some precedents as in 1060: E. Pásztor, ‘Riforma della Chiesa nel secolo xi e l'origine del collegio dei cardinali: problemi e ricerche’, in Studi sul medioevo cristiano offerti a Raffaelo Morghen, Rome 1974, ii. 613.
84 Cantarella, Manuale, 100.
85 ‘Hoc iccirco potissimum Leo Fraiapane statuerat, ut datum spatium quod de Lamberto diutius cogitaverat aliquanto quietus perfiniret, nam totus ab hoc populus Saxonem sancti Stephani cardinalem futurum papam petebant; quod, ut deciperet aptius, et Leo Fraiapane itidem simulabat': Liber pontificalis, ii. 751.
86 ‘In sero autem praesenti idem Leo per nuntios unumquemque seorsum de cappellanibus cardinalium praemonet, ut mane summo diluculo cum pluviali rubeo sub cappa nigra retento, ignorante domino, eumdem suum dominum anteiret': ibid.
87 Ibid. ii. 752. See also Veneziani, ‘Sed patitur Caelestis’, 114–15.
88 Liber pontificalis, ii. 752.
89 Ibid. ii. 752–3.
90 Vircillo Franklin, ‘History and rhetoric’, 29–30.
91 Wickham, Medieval Rome, 222, 234–49.
92 Ibid. 32, 230. See also Stroll, The Jewish pope, 18–19.
93 Liber pontificalis, ii. 753–4. On the Tiber island see T. di Carpegna Falconieri, ‘Circoscrizioni ecclesiastiche nel medioevo alto e centrale: Il territorio tra organizzazione e rappresentazione’, in M. Royo, É. Hubert and A. Bérenger, Rome des quartiers: des vici aux rioni: cadres institutionnels, pratiques sociales, et requalifications entre antiquité et époque moderne, Paris 2008, 82–3.
94 Liber pontificalis, ii. 753.
95 S. Anzoise, ‘Pisa, la Sede Apostolica e i cardinali di origine pisana da Gregorio vii ad Alessandro iii: potere della rappresentanza e rappresentanza del potere’, unpubl. PhD diss. Pisa 2015, 137–56; Hüls, Kardinäle, 210–11.
96 Liber pontificalis, ii. 755; Anzoise, Per una riconsiderazione, 149–50 and nn. 431–2.
97 C. Wickham, Sonnambuli verso un nuovo mondo: l'affermazione dei comuni italiani nel XII secolo, Rome 2017, 130.
98 Liber pontificalis, ii. 754.
99 ‘Quos nocte Leo Fraiapane et domnus Aimericus cancellarius seorsum, – primo Petrum praefectum, dato ei Formello castro Sancti Petri fortissimo cum donariis super, deinde Petrum Leonis, Terracina cum Saxis munitionibus optimis …, ipsi domno Petro eadem nocte contraditis et iuratis, licet non multo post in die quod de nocte suscepit per astutiam datorum perdiderit – a cardinalibus sequestrarunt et suis, ut sic dicam, consiliis adiunxerunt. Hoc solum de cardinalibus venditiis statuerunt, ut cum iuramentis in suis, in his saltem quos habebant, honoribus, perpetuo remenerent. Iuratum est et redditum … Quid multa? Sive vellent, sive nollent, auctorizatur ab omnibus et laudatur in papam': ibid. ii. 753–4.
100 Ibid. On the traditional role attributed to Haimeric see Schmale, Studien zum Schisma, 91–191.
101 Veneziani, ‘Sed patitur Caelestis’, 114–15.
102 S. Twyman, ‘Papal adventus at Rome in the twelfth century’, Historical Research lxix (1996), 241–2.