Arbitration — Arbitration between State and international organization — Ad hoc tribunal — Procedure — Equality of parties — Costs

Diplomatic relations — Privileges and immunities — Diplomatic agent — Director-General of international organization — Application by analogy to privileges and immunities of a diplomatic agent — Headquarters Agreement between the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and the Federal Republic of Germany, 1974

International organizations — Privileges and immunities — Exemption from customs duties and taxation in host State — Whether scope of immunities governed by customary international law or by agreements establishing organization — Official activities — Definition of official activity — Whether limited to activities directly connected to specific objects of organization or extends to all activities tending to promote the objects of the organization — Headquarters Agreement between the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and the Federal Republic of Germany, 1974

International organizations — Privileges and immunities — Head of international organization — Whether entitled to privileges of diplomatic agent — Whether privileges limited by provisions of Headquarters Agreement between organization and host State — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Headquarters Agreement between the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and the Federal Republic of Germany, 1974

Economics, trade and finance — World Trade Organization — Constituent treaties — GATT Uruguay Round — European Community — Competence to conclude agreements — Whether vested in Community or the Member States

International organizations — GATT — World Trade Organization — Agreements establishing World Trade Organization — Integrated nature of agreements — Dispute settlement mechanisms

Treaties — Conclusion — Competence to conclude treaties — European Community — Euratom — European Coal and Steel Community — Division between competence of Communities and competence of Member States to conclude treaties — The law of the European Communities

Human rights — Self-determination — Status of right to self-determination under modern international law — Right erga omnes — Implications for other States — Non-self-governing territories — East Timor — Military intervention by Indonesia in 1975 — Subsequent annexation — Recognition by Australia — Whether violating right of self-determination — Status of Portugal as administering Power of East Timor — Whether surviving twenty years after end of Portuguese control of territory

International Court of Justice — Admissibility of application — Dispute — Definition — Whether “real dispute” between Claimant State and third party — Application affecting third States — Monetary Gold principle — Scope of principle — Court may not rule upon application if rights and interests of third State form subject-matter of dispute — Application by Portugal against Australia regarding Australian dealings with Indonesia concerning East Timor — Court lacking jurisdiction over Indonesia — Whether Court would be required to rule upon rights and interests of Indonesia

International Court of Justice — Procedure — Objections to jurisdiction and admissibility — Objections inextricably linked to merits — Agreement to consider preliminary objections in framework of the merits

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Resolutions — Resolutions on East Timor upholding right of self-determination — Legal effect — General Assembly — Resolutions — Resolutions on self-determination in East Timor — Legal effect — Characterization of East Timor as a non-self-governing territory

Sea — Continental shelf — Agreement between opposite States — Australia and Indonesia — Timor Gap — Whether Australia entitled to conclude treaty with Indonesia on continental shelf between East Timor and Australia

Territory — Self-determination — Nature and scope of right of self-determination — Application to East Timor — Administering Power — Portugal — Whether still recognized as administering Power — Whether entitled to bring claim on behalf of East Timor

Human rights — Crimes against humanity — Scope of concept of crimes against humanity — Widespread and systematic violations of human rights — Fair trial — Requirement that International Criminal Tribunal operate in accordance with requirements of law of human rights

International criminal law — War crimes — Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions — Crimes against humanity — Whether international law requires nexus between crimes against humanity and armed conflict — Nuremberg precedent — Concept of individual criminal responsibility in international law — Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia — Challenge to jurisdiction of Tribunal — Legality of establishment of Tribunal by Security Council — Whether Tribunal “established by law” — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 14 — Primacy of Tribunal over national courts

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Powers under Chapter VII of United Nations Charter — Determination of threat to international peace and security — Whether subject to legal limitations — Whether judicially reviewable — Situation in the former Yugoslavia — Whether a threat to international peace and security — Article 41 of United Nations Charter — Whether power to take measures not involving the use of military force extends to creation of a tribunal with criminal jurisdiction — Status of International Tribunal as subsidiary organ of Security Council

International tribunals — International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia — Jurisdiction — Whether Tribunal empowered to hear challenge to the legality of its establishment as part of challenge to jurisdiction — Appeals from interlocutory decisions of trial chamber — Power of Appeals Chamber to order remand of case — Primacy of International Tribunal over national courts — Concept of fair trial — Procedure

Relationship between international law and municipal law — Criminal trials — International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia — Primacy over national courts

Sources of international law — Custom — Formation of customary international law — Requirements for formation of custom — State practice — Opinio juris — Development of customary international law applicable to internal armed conflicts

War and armed conflict — Armed conflict — Definition — Characterization of conflict as internal or international — Geographical and temporal scope of armed conflict — Whether law of armed conflict applicable to treatment of detainees in part of country where no actual fighting taking place

War and armed conflict — Internal armed conflicts — Law applicable to internal armed conflicts — Whether grave breaches provisions of Geneva Conventions applicable to internal armed conflicts — Customary international law applicable to internal armed conflicts — Law on weaponry and targeting

War and armed conflict — War crimes — Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions — Scope of application — Whether applicable to internal conflicts — Relationship between war crimes and grave breaches — Crimes against humanity

International criminal law — Trial before an international tribunal — Guarantees of due process — Balance between interests of accused and protection of alleged victims and witnesses — Anonymity of witnesses and victims

International tribunals — International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia — Procedure and evidence — Guarantees of due process — Balance between right to fair and public hearing and need to protect witnesses and alleged victims