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Anti-Semitic Violence in Eastern Romania: The National Christian Party's Congress, 8 November 1936

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2022

Andreea Kaltenbrunner Open the ORCID record for Andreea Kaltenbrunner [Opens in a new window]
Andreea Kaltenbrunner*
Affiliation:
Institut für Osteuropäische Geschichte, Universität Wien, Spitalgasse 2, Hof 3, Eingang 3.2, 1090, Vienna, Austria
*
andreea.kaltenbrunner@geschichte.uni-regensburg.de
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Abstract

Two leading political organisations in interwar Romania were genuinely anti-Semitic: the fascist Legionary movement and the far-right party the National Christian Defence League (LANC), known from 1935 as the National Christian Party (PNC). Whereas the anti-Semitism of the Legionaries is well researched, that of the LANC/PNC has rarely been studied. I argue that, in addition to an anti-Semitic agenda and rhetoric, anti-Jewish violence was an inherent part of the political practices of the LANC/PNC. I analyse the party's national congress on 8 November 1936, when thousands of supporters gathered in Bucharest, and use party correspondence and police and Interior Ministry records to show that the attendees engaged extensively in anti-Jewish violence, before and even more so after the congress. The government, ruled by the National Liberal Party, agreed to the mass anti-Semitic gathering but had only a vague plan to repress violent anti-Semitism: expecting the event to stir up anti-Jewish hatred, the Interior Ministry mobilised the security forces to prevent outbursts during the congress, but not much before or after. The LANC/PNC played a central role in the politicisation of extreme anti-Semitism in interwar Romania, and addressing the party's history provides a better understanding of the right-wing radicalisation of the time.

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Contemporary European History , Volume 33 , Issue 1 , February 2024 , pp. 117 - 136
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Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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References

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25 Dumitru, The State, 88–92.

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28 Bozdoghină, Antisemitismul, 118–52; Nicolenco, Extrema dreaptă, 43–57.

29 PNC leaders explained that the congress marked the beginning of a new era, the end of the democratic system. See: Note from Iași Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 14 Nov. 1936, Arhivele Naționale ale României (National Archives of Romania, ANR), Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 117–18.

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33 Ibid., 12.

34 Ibid., 13.

35 Ibid., 22.

36 Ibid., 32–43.

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38 Ibid., 218; Telephone note, 19 Nov. 1936, Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt, Bukarest, 17.5.2.

39 Schreiben of Raban Adelmann sent to Berlin, 10 Sept. 1936, Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt, Bukarest, 17.5.2.; Telegram sent from Berlin to Ernst von Weizsäcker, 2 Nov. 1936, Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt, Bukarest, 17.5.2.

40 Telephone note from Berlin to Deutsche Gesandtschaft Bukarest, 29 Oct. 1936, Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt, Bukarest, 17.5.2.

41 Schmitt, Codreanu, 169–74; Lungu, Romania, 115–16; For a detailed analysis on how the government tolerance towards the PNC between 1935–6 manifested see: Maner, Parlamentarismus, 224–7.

42 Schmitt, Codreanu, 172; Maner, Parlamentarismus, 224–5.

43 Artikel des Reichsleiters Rosenberg über Revisionismus, Wilhelm Fabricius, Deutsche Gesandtschaft Bukarest an das Auswärtige Amt Berlin, 19 Nov. 1936, Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt, Bukarest, 17.5.2.

44 Telephone note, 19 Nov. 1936, Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt, Bukarest, 17.5.2.

45 Matthäus and Bajohr, Rosenberg, 218, 222–3.

46 Artikel des Reichsleiters Rosenberg über Revisionismus, Deutsche Gesandschaft Bukarest an das Auswärtige Amt, Berlin, 19 Nov. 1936, Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt, Bukarest, 17.5.2; Telephone note, 21 Nov. 1936, Politisches Archiv Auswärtiges Amt, Bukarest, 17.5.2.

47 Haynes, Romanian Policy, 27.

48 Ibid., 19.

49 Friling, Tuvia, Ioanid, Radu and Ionescu, Mihail E., eds., International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report (Iași: Polirom, 2004), 38Google Scholar.

50 Dumitru, The State, 70.

51 Informative note from Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Soroca Police Office, 8 Aug. 1936, Arhiva Națională a Republicii Moldova (National Archive of Moldova, ANRM), Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 451; Informative note from Bălți Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 22 Oct. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 616.

52 Livezeanu, ‘Fascists’, 219.

53 ‘Manifestație național-creștină din Bacău’, in Universul, 12 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 83.

54 Letter from Architect Enescu I. D. to Octavian Goga, ANR, Octavian Goga, 4, 46.

55 ‘Măreața adunare național-creștină dela Bălți. Peste 60.000 de congresiști cer guvernarea țării’, in Apărarea Națională, 21 May 1936, 3; ‘Marele congres regional național-creștin de la Chișinău’, in Apărarea Națională, 2 June 1936, 4.

56 Report of General Prosecutor of Hotin County Court to Justice Minister, 16 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul Justiției-Direcția Judiciară, 18.1936, 252–3.

57 Report from Police Office Iași to Bucharest General Police Office, 15 Aug. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 187.

58 Informative note from Orhei Police Office to Chișinău Police Office, 28 Sept. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 552–4.

59 Radiogram of Orhei Police Office to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 28 Sept. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 552–4; Informative note, Informant Arhei, 29 Sept. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 558–9; Report of Piatra Neamț Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 22 Aug. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 229.

60 Palanker eventually reached his ship and arrived on 15 June 1936 in New York City. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1820–1897. Microfilm Publication M237, 675 rolls. NAI: 6256867. Records of the U.S. Customs Service, Record Group 36. National Archives at Washington, DC; United States, Selective Service System. World War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration. M1509, 4,582 rolls. Imaged from Family History Library microfilm, accessed at: ancestry.de (30 Nov. 2020).

61 Report of General Prosecutor of Bălți County Court to Justice Minister, 22 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul Justiției-Direcția Judiciară, 18.1936, 293–4.

62 Report of Bălți Police Office to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 7 Aug. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 453–4.

63 Report of Iași Police Office to Bucharest General Police Office, 10 Aug. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 149.

64 Report of the secret Collaboration Comission, led by Emanoil Catelly (Comisia de Colaborare secretă), 22 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul Justiției-Direcția Judiciară, 18.1936, 255.

65 Report of Barbu Pârăianu to the Interior Ministry, 26 Sept. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 17.1936, 52.

66 Report from commandant of the gendarmerie, Barbu Pârăianu to Carol II., 1936, ANR, Casa Regală-Miscelanee, 786, 3.

67 Report of Ionescu Darzeu, General Prosecutor of Chișinău Court to Justice Minister, 25 May 1936, ANR, Ministerul Justiției-Direcția Judiciară, 18.1936, 245–6.

68 Report of C. Ionescu, General Prosecutor of Soroca County Court, to the Justice Minister, Jan. 1936, ANR, Ministerul Justiției-Direcția Judiciară, 82.1935, 182.

69 Report of Ionescu Darzeu, General Prosecutor of Chișinău Court to Justice Minister, 25 May 1936, ANR, Ministerul Justiției-Direcția Judiciară, 18.1936, 245–6; Report of General Prosecutor of Bălți County Court to Justice Minister, 26 May 1936, ANR, Ministerul Justiției-Direcția Judiciară, 18.1936, 241, 244.

70 Report of Soroca Police Office to the General Gendarmerie Inspectorate, 20 Feb. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 60.1936, 50.

71 ‘Asasinatele iudeo-comuniste de la Briceva și Uncești-Vaslui’, in Apărarea Națională, 15 Dec. 1936, 2.

72 Informative note of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 30 Mar. 1936, ANR, Direcția Generală a Poliției, 25.1936, 34; Confidential note, 2 Aug. 1936, ANR, Direcția Generală a Poliției, 25.1936, 48.

73 Report of General Prosecutor of Bălți County Court to Justice Minister, 22 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul Justiției-Direcția Judiciară, 18.1936, 293–4.

74 Informative note to the General Gendarmerie Inspectorate, 2 Oct. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 10.1936, 32.

75 Report of General Prosecutor of Bălți County Court to Justice Minister, 18 May 1936, ANR, Ministerul Justiției-Direcția Judiciară, 8.1937, 176; Report of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 29 Jan. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 24.1935, 145.

76 ‘Marea Adunare dela Baraboi și sfințirea noului obor’, in Apărarea Națională, 21 Apr. 1936, 4.

77 Report of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 29 Jan. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 24.1935, 145.

78 Kaltenbrunner, ‘Bauernbewegung gegen den modernen Staat’, 145–51.

79 Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 6 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 657.

80 Invitation to the great national gathering of the National Christian party, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 27.1936, 51.

81 Letter from Dr. Stan Ghitescu to Octavian Goga, 1 July 1936, pp. 23–4; letter from Dr. Stan Ghitescu to Octavian Goga, 16 July 1936, ANR, Octavian Goga, 4, 34–5.

82 Maner, Parlamentarismus, 225.

83 Radiogram from the Bălți Police Office to the Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 31 Oct. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 646–7.

84 Informative note, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 652–3.

85 Mersul Trenurilor C.F.R., valabil dela 16 iunie 1934, pp. 156–8, 268 (Many thanks to Dorin Stănescu for helping me find this information).

86 Report of Iași Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 94–6; Report of Târgu Ocna Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 10 July 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 107–10; Report of Bacău Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 15 July 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 118; Telephone note of Roman Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 10 Sept. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 308.

87 Report of the Collaboration Council of the Fălciu County, 31 Aug. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 269–70.

88 Dumitru, The State, 89.

89 Report of Bacău Police Chief to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 29 Sept. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 27.1936, 56; Report of Iași Regional Police Inspectorate to General Siguranța Office, 2 July 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 19; Report of Iași Police Office to Regional Police Inspectorate, 30 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 26; Telephone note of Roman Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 28 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 31; Telephone note of Botoșani Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 29 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 34; Telephone note of Bacău Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 28 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 35–6; Telephone note of Bacău Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 29 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 37; Telephone note of Bacău Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 2 July 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 41; Report of Bacău Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 26 June 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 43; 28.1936, Confidential note of Iași Police Chief to General Siguranța Office, 2 July 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 28.1936, 51–2.

90 Telegram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to the Police Offices, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 674; Radiogram of Cetatea Albă Police Office and Soroca Police Office, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 675.

91 Telephone Note from Cetatea Albă Police Office to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 697; Report of Tighina Police Office to Bucharest General Police Office, 11 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 742.

92 Telephone note of Bârlad Police Chief, 9 Oct. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 31.

93 Radiogram of Cetatea Albă Police Office to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 19 Oct. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 607; Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 19 Oct. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 608.

94 Informative note, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 692; Telephone note of the Tecuci Police, 6 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 64.

95 Telephone note of Chișinău Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 6 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 659.

96 Matthäus and Bajohr, Rosenberg, 218; Friling, Ioanid and Ionescu, Final Report, 38.

97 Note, 24 Oct. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 27.1936, 55.

98 Friling, Ioanid and Ionescu, Final Report, 38.

99 Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 28 Sept. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 556–7; Radiogram of Bălți Police Office to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 6 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 656.

100 Report of Bacău Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 4 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 27.1936, 244.

101 Note, 9 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 683; Telephone note from Soroca Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 9 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 689; Telephone note from Soroca Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 690.

102 Informative note No. 56, 8 Nov. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 96.1936, 15.

103 Note from Bălți Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 22 Oct. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 616; Note of Hotin District Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 22 Oct. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 621; Radiogram of Cetatea Albă District Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 26 Oct. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 622; Ismail Police Chief to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 26 Oct. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 627; Report of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 30 Oct. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 628.

104 Telephone note, 8 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 679.

105 Order, 8 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 9.

106 Report of Chișinău Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 12 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 719; Declarations attached to the Proces Verbal, issued by Gheorghe Cosma, Secretary at the Chișinău Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 720–34; Declarations attached to the Proces Verbal issued by Gheorghe Popa, Bălți Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 767–73; Declarations attached to the Proces Verbal issued by H. Mihalcea, Bălți Police Office, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 776–84; Declarations attached to the Proces Verbal issued by Ioan Năstăsescu, Bălți Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 785–6; Declarations attached to the Proces Verbal issued by Taodorov Simion, Hotin Police Chief, 12–13 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 791–806.

107 Telegram of Popov Police Chief to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 665; Telephone note of Tighina Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 666; Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 667; Telephone note of Bălți Police Office to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 668; Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 669; Telephone note No. 4096 of Police Chief Gheorghiu and of Agent Sudiev to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 670; Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 671; Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 672; Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 7 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 673.

108 Informative note No. 240 of Botoșani Gendarmerie Legion to General Gendarmerie Inspectorate, 8 Nov. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 44.1936, 37; Informative note No. 49, 20 Oct. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 96.1936, 13.

109 Telephone note, 9 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 682; Note, 9 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 683; Telephone note of Ismail Police Office, 9 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 684; Note of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 11 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 711; Report of Tighina Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 17 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 815; Ismail Police Office to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 15 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 817.

110 Informative note from Orhei Police Office to Chișinău Police Office, 15 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 745.

111 Bozdoghină, Antisemitismul, 215.

112 Report of Bucharest General Police Office, 9 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 26; Report of Piatra Neamț Police Office, 9 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 46.

113 Telephone note of the city of Bârlad Police Chief, 8 Oct. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 45; Very urgent order to the Police Stations in Bacău, Botoșani, Bârlad, Tecuci, Vaslui, P. Neamtz, Huși, Roman, 8 Oct. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 10.

114 Urgent order from Bucharest General Police Office to all the Police Inspectorates and Police Offices, 7 Oct. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 2.

115 Urgent order of Iași Regional Police Inspectorate to all the Police Offices, 8 Oct. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 10; Report of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 750–1; Proces Verbal, issued by the Soroca Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 754; Note of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Soroca county attorney, 13 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 755–6; Proces Verbal issued by the Soroca Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 758–9.

116 Order, 8 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 9.

117 Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 12 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 735; Ismail Police Office to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 12 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 736; Copy of report No. 14117 issued by Soroca Gendarmerie Legion to Chișinău Gendarmerie Inspectorate, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 753.

118 Declaration Condrea Vasile, issued by Soroca Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 757; Proces Verbal issued by Soroca Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 758–9; Declaration Nicolae Stanchevici, 12 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 760.

119 Radiogram of Soroca Police Office to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate, 13 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 737; Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 738; Radiogram of Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate to Soroca Police Office, 13 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 740.

120 Report of Soroca Police Office to Chișinău Regional Police Inspectorate and to Bessarabian General Siguranță Office, 14 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 748.

121 Declaration Nicolae Stanchevici, 12 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 760.

122 Report of city of Vaslui Police Office, 9 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 48.

123 Report of Iași Gendarmerie Legion to General Gendarmerie Inspectorate, 10 Nov. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 44.1936, 43; Note of Bacău Police Office, 9 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 51.

124 Report from Iași Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, Iași, 11 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 86–7.

125 Report of Botoșani Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 12 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 100; Report of Iași Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 12 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 102.

126 Note, 12 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 81.

127 Report of city of Vaslui Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 15 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 137–8.

128 Report of Bucharest General Police Office, 9 Nov. 1936, p. 26; Telephone note of Botoșani Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 49.

129 Report of Bucharest General Police Office, 9 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 21.

130 Order from General Police Office to all the Police Inspectorates and Police Offices, 11 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 80.

131 Proces Verbal issued by Soroca Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 754; Proces Verbal issued by Soroca Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 756.

132 Report of Vaslui Police Office, 9 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 48.

133 Report of Bucharest General Police Office, 11 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 21; Report from Iași Regional Police Inspectorate to Bucharest General Police Office, 11 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 78; Report from Botoșani Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 11 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 79; Report of Botoșani Police Office to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 13 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 108.

134 29.1936, Report of the city of Vaslui Police Chief to Iași Regional Police Inspectorate, 15 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 137–8.

135 Report of Râmnicu-Sărat Gendarmerie Legion to General Gendarmerie Inspectorate, 11 Nov. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 52.1936, 31.

136 Informative note, 10 Nov. 1936, ANR, Inspectoratul General al Jandarmeriei, 96.1936, 16.

137 Telephone note of Botoșani Police Office, 11 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 77; Report of Bucharest General Police Office, 11 Nov. 1936, ANR, Ministerul de Interne-Diverse, 29.1936, 78.

138 Proces Verbal issued Soroca Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 754; Proces Verbal issued Soroca Police Office, 10 Nov. 1936, ANRM, Inspectoratul regional de siguranță din Basarabia, 680, 3530, 756.

139 Pohl, ‘Right-Wing Politics’, 25–6.

140 Dumitru, The State, 91.

141 Adorno, Theodor W., Minima Moralia. Reflexionen aus dem beschädigten Leben, 9th edn (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2014), 125Google Scholar.