Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-18T15:10:19.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Halloysite clay minerals — a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

E. Joussein ,
S. Petit ,
J. Churchman ,
B. Theng ,
D. Righi  and
B. Delvaux
E. Joussein*
Affiliation:
Laboratoire HydrASA, CNRS-UMR 6532, Université de Poitiers, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers cedex, France
S. Petit
Affiliation:
Laboratoire HydrASA, CNRS-UMR 6532, Université de Poitiers, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers cedex, France
J. Churchman
Affiliation:
Soil and Land Systems, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5064, Australia
B. Theng
Affiliation:
Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North, New Zealand
D. Righi
Affiliation:
Laboratoire HydrASA, CNRS-UMR 6532, Université de Poitiers, 40 avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 Poitiers cedex, France
B. Delvaux
Affiliation:
Université Catholique de Louvain, Unité des Sciences du Sol, 2/10 Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
*
*E-mail: emmanuel.joussein@hydrasa.univ-poitiers.fr
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Halloysite clay minerals are ubiquitous in soils and weathered rocks where they occur in a variety of particle shapes and hydration states. Diversity also characterizes their chemical composition, cation exchange capacity and potassium selectivity. This review summarizes the extensive but scattered literature on halloysite, from its natural occurrence, through its crystal structure, chemical and morphological diversity, to its reactivity toward organic compounds, ions and salts, involving the various methods of differentiating halloysite from kaolinite. No unique test seems to be ideal to distinguish these 1:1 clay minerals, especially in soils. The occurrence of 2:1 phyllosilicate contaminants appears, so far, to provide the best explanation for the high charge and potassium selectivity of halloysite. Yet, hydration properties of the mineral probably play a major role in ion sorption. Clear trends seem to relate particle morphology and structural Fe. However, future work is required to understand the possible mechanisms linking chemical, morphological, hydration and charge properties of halloysite.

Keywords

halloysitekaolinitehydrationmineralogyclay morphologyintercalationsurface propertiescharge properties
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 40 , Issue 4 , December 2005 , pp. 383 - 426
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamo, P., Violante, P. & Wilson, M.J. (2001) Tubular and spheroidal halloysite in pyroclastic deposits in the area of the Roccamonfina volcano (southern Italy). Geoderma, 99, 295–316.Google Scholar
Adams, W.A. (1976) Experimental evidence on the origin of vermiculite in soils on Lower Paleozoic sediments. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 40, 793–796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, J.M. (1979) The crystal structure of a dickite: N- methylformamide intercalate Al2Si2O5(OH)4. HCONHCH3 . Acta Crystallographica, B35, 1084–1088.Google Scholar
Alexander, L.T., Faust, G.T., Hendricks, S.B., Insley, H. & McMurdie, H.F. (1943) Relationship of the clay minerals halloysite and endellite. American Mineralogist, 28, 1–18.Google Scholar
Alietti, A. (1970) Notes on the expandability of kaolinitic minerals. Mineralogica and Petrographica Acta, 16, 213–220.Google Scholar
Anand, R.R., Gilkes, R.J., Armitage, T.M. & Hillyer, J.W. (1985) Feldspar weathering in a lateritic saprolite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 31–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrew, R.W., Jackson, M.L. & Wada, K. (1960) Intersalation as a technique for differentiation of kaolinite from chloritic minerals by X-ray diffraction. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 24, 422–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antill, S.J. (2003) Halloysite: A low-cost alternative nanotube. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 56, 723.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anton, O. & Rouxhet, P.G. (1977) Note on the intercalation of kaolinite, dickite and halloysite by dimethyl-sulfoxide. Clays and Clay Minerals, 25, 259–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aomine, S. & Higashi, T. (1955) Clay minerals of decomposed andesitic agglomeratic lava at Yoake. Mineralogical Journal of Japan, 1, 278–289.Google Scholar
Aomine, S. & Wada, K. (1962) Differential weathering of volcanic ash and pumice, resulting in formation of hydrated halloysite. American Mineralogist, 47, 1024–1048.Google Scholar
Aomine, S. & Yoshinaga, N. (1955) Clay minerals of some well-drained volcanic ash soils in Japan. Soil Science, 79, 349–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Askenasy, P.E., Dixon, J.B. & McKee, T.R. (1973) Spheroidal halloysite in Guatemalan soil. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 37, 799–803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W. (1980) Structures of layer silicates. Pp. 1–123 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification (Brindley, G.W. & Brown, G., editors). Monograph 5, Mineralogical Society, London.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.W. (1990) Halloysite - A critical assessment. Pp. 89–98 in: Surface Chemistry Structure and Mixed Layering of Clays. Proceedings of the 9th International Clay Conference 1989 (Farmer, V.C. & Tardy, Y., editors). Sciences Géologiques, Mémoire 86, Strasbourg, France.Google Scholar
Baioumy, H.M. & Hassan, M.S. (2004) Authigenic halloysite from El-Gideda iron ore, Bahria Oasis, Egypt: characterization and origin. Clay Minerals, 39, 207–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskaran, S., Bolan, N.S., Rahman, N.A. & Tillman, R.W. (1996) Pesticide sorption by allophanic and non- allophanic soils of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 39, 297–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, T.F. (1952) Interrelationships of structure and genesis in the kaolinite group. Pp. 144–153 in: Problems of Clay and Laterite Genesis (Robie, E.H., editor). American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, New York.Google Scholar
Bates, T.F. (1959) Morphology and crystal chemistry of 1:1 layer lattice silicates. American Mineralogist, 44, 78–114.Google Scholar
Bates, T.F. (1962) Halloysite and gibbsite formation in Hawaii. Clays and Clay Minerals, 9, 315–328.Google Scholar
Bates, T.F., Hildebrand, F.A. & Swineford, A. (1950) Morphology and structure of endellite and halloysite. American Mineralogist, 35, 463–484.Google Scholar
Berthier, P. (1826) Analyse de l'halloysite. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 32, 332–335.Google Scholar
Beutelspacher, H. & van der Marel, H.W. (1968) Atlas of Electron Microscopy of Clay Minerals and their Admixtures. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 62–68.Google Scholar
Birrell, K.S., Fieldes, M. & Williamson, K.I. (1955) Unusual forms of halloysite. American Mineralogist, 40, 122–124.Google Scholar
Bobos, I. & Gomes, C. (1998) Greisen and post-greisen alteration in the Sao Vicente de pereira kaolinite deposit, Portugal. The Canadian Mineralogist, 36, 1615–1624.Google Scholar
Bobos, I., Duplay, J., Rocha, J. & Gomes, C. (2001) Kaolinite to halloysite-7 Å transformation in the kaolin deposit of São Vicente de Pereira, Portugal. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 596–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boettinger, J.L. & Graham, R.C. (1995) Zeolite occurrence in soil environments: an updated review. Pp. 23–37 in: Natural Zeolites ‘93 (Ming, D.W. & Mumpton, F.A., editors). Brockport, New York.Google Scholar
Bogatyrev, B.A., Matveeva, L.A., Zhukov, V.V. & Magazina, L.O. (1997) Kaolinite and halloysite synthesis in the gibbsite-silica solution system under normal conditions. Geochemistry International, 35, 747–757.Google Scholar
Bookin, A.S., Drits, V.A., Plançon, A. & Tchoubar, C. (1989) Stacking faults in kaolin-group minerals in the light of real structural features. Clays and Clay Minerals, 37, 297–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulmokh, A., Berredjem, Y., Guerfi, K. & Gheid, A.E.K. (2004) Etude de l'adsorption du bleu de méthylène sur un kaolin modifié appartenant à la famille halloysite. Journal de la Société Algérienne de Chimie, 14, 155–165.Google Scholar
Bradley, W.F. (1945) Diagnostic criteria for clay minerals. American Mineralogist, 30, 704–713.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. (1961) Kaolin, serpentine and kindred minerals. Pp. 51–131 in: The X-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals (Brown, G., editor). Mineralogical Society, London.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. (1980) Order-disorder in the clay mineral structures. Pp. 125–196 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification (Brindley, G.W. & Brown, G., editors). Mineralogical Society, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G.W. & Comer, J.J. (1956) Structure and morphology of kaolin clay from Les Eyzies. Clays and Clay Minerals, 61–66.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. & de Souza Santos, P. (1966) New varieties of kaolin-group minerals and the problem of finding a suitable nomenclature. Pp. 3–9 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1966 (Heller, L. & Weiss, A., editors). Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, Israel.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. & Goodyear, J. (1948) X-ray studies of halloysite and metahalloysite. Part II. The transition of halloysite to metahalloysite in relation to relative humidity. Mineralogical Magazine, 28, 407–422.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. & Hang, P.T. (1973) The nature of garnierites - I. Structures, chemical compositions and color characteristics. Clays and Clay Minerals, 21, 27–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G.W. & Robinson, K. (1946) Randomness in the structures of kaolinitic clay minerals. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 42B, 198–205.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W., de Souza Santos, P. & de Souza Santos, H. (1963) Mineralogical studies of kaolinite-halloysite clays: Part I. Identification problems. American Mineralogist, 48, 897–910.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W., Bish, D.L. and Wan, H.M. (1977) The nature of kerolite, its relation to talc and stevensite. Mineralogical Magazine, 41, 443–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G.W., Kao, C., Harrison, J.L., Lipsicas, M. & Raythatha, R. (1986) Relation between structural disorder and other characteristics of kaolinites and dickites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 239–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busenberg, E. (1978) The products of the interaction of feldspars with aqueous solutions at 25ëC. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42, 1679–1686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caillère, S., Glaeser, R., Esquevin, J. & Hénin, S. (1950) Préparation d'halloysite à 14 Å et à 17 Å. Comptes Rendus de l'AcadeÂmie des Sciences, Paris, 230, 308–310.Google Scholar
Calvert, C.S., Buol, S.W. & Weed, S.B. (1980) Mineralogical characteristics and transformations of a vertical rock-saprolite-soil-sequence in the North Carolina Piedmont: II. Feldspar alteration, their transformation through the profile. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44, 1104–1112.Google Scholar
Camazano, M.S. & Garcia, S.G. (1966) Interlaminar complexes of kaolinite and halloysite with polar liquids. Anales Edafologia Agrobiologia, 25, 9–25.Google Scholar
Camazano, M.S. & Garcia, S.G. (1970) Modification del habito de cristales de caolinita por tratamiento con dimetilsulfoxido. Anales Edafologia Agrobiologia, 29, 651–655.Google Scholar
Carr, R.M. & Chih, H. (1971) Complexes of halloysite with organic compounds. Clay Minerals, 9, 153–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, C.D. & Kunze, G.W. (1970) New occurrences of tabular halloysite. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 34, 538–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cases, J.M., Lietard, O., Yvon, J. & Delon, J.F. (1982) Etudes des proprieÂteÂs cristallochimiques, morpholo- giques superficielles de kaolinites deÂsordonneÂes. Bulletin de MineÂralogie, 105, 439–455.Google Scholar
Chadwick, O.A. & Chorover, J. (2001) The chemistry of pedogenic thesholds. Geoderma, 100, 321–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chadwick, O.A., Olson, C.G., Hendricks, D.M., Kelly, E.F. & Gavenda, R.T. (1994) Quantifying climatic effects on mineral weathering and neoformation in Hawaii. Pp. 94–105 in: Proceedings of the 15th International Soil Science Congress, 8A. Acapulco, Mexico.Google Scholar
Chadwick, O.A., Gavenda, R.T., Kelly, E.F., Ziegler, K., Olson, C.G., Elliott, W.C. & Hendricks, D.M. (2003) The impact of climate on the biogeochemical functioning of volcanic soils. Chemical Geology, 202, 195–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chartres, C.J. & Pain, C.F. (1984) A climosequence of soils on late Quaternary volcanic ash in highland Papua New Guinea. Geoderma, 32, 131–155.Google Scholar
Chen, P.Y. (1969) Occurrence and genesis of kaolin minerals from Taiwan (I). Kaolinite, halloysite, and allophane. Proceedings of the Geological Society of China, 12, 30–48.Google Scholar
Chigira, M. & Yokoyama, O. (2005) Weathering profile of non-welded ignimbrite and the water infiltration behavior within it in relation to the generation of shallow landslides. Engineering Geology, 78, 187–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chorover, J. & Sposito, G. (1995) Surface charge characteristics of kaolinitic tropical soils. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 875–884.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chorover, J., DiChiaro, J. & Chadwick, O.A. (1999) Structural charge and cesium retention in a chrono- sequence of tephritic soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 63, 169–177.Google Scholar
Chukhrov, F.V. & Zvyagin, B.B. (1966) Halloysite, a crystallochemically and mineralogically distinct species. Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, 1966 (Heller, L. & Weiss, A., editors). Israel Program for Scientific Translation, Jerusalem, Israel.Google Scholar
Chukhrov, F.V., Zvyagin, B.B., Rudnitskaya, E.E. & Ermilova, L.P. (1966) The nature and genesis of halloysite. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk S.S.S.R., Seriya Geologicheskie, 1966, 3–20.Google Scholar
Chukhrov, F.V., Zvyagin, B.B., Ermilova, L.P., Gorshkov, A.I. & Rudnitskaya, E.S. (1969) The relation between chrysocolla, medmontite, and copper-halloysite. Pp. 141–150 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1969, Tokyo (Heller, L., editor). Israel University Press, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. (1970) Interlayer water in halloysite. PhD thesis, University of Otago, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. (1990) Relevance of different inter- calation tests for distinguishing halloysite from kaolinite in soils. Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 591–599.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G.J. (2000) The alteration and formation of soil minerals by weathering. F3-F76 in: Handbook of Soil Science (Sumner, M.E., editor). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. & Carr, R.M. (1972) Stability fields of hydration states of a halloysite. American Mineralogist, 57, 914–923.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. & Carr, R.M. (1973) Dehydration of the washed potassium acetate complex of halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 21, 423–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G.J. & Carr, R.M. (1975) The definition and nomenclature of halloysites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23, 382–388.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J. & Gilkes, R.J. (1989) Recognition of intermediates in the possible transformation of halloysites to kaolinites in weathering profiles. Clay Minerals, 24, 579–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G.J. & Theng, B.K.G. (1984) Interactions of halloysites with amides: Mineralogical factors affecting complex formation. Clay Minerals, 19, 161–175.Google Scholar
Churchman, G.J., Aldridge, L.P. & Carr, R.M. (1972) The relationship between the hydrated and dehydrated states of a halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 20, 241–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G.J., Whitton, J.S., Claridge, G.G.C. & Theng, B.K.G. (1984) Intercalation method using formamide for differentiating halloysite from kaoli- nite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 32, 241–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchman, G.J., Davy, T.J., Aylmore, L.A.G., Gilkes, R.J. & Self, P.G. (1995) Characteristics of fine pores in some halloysites. Clay Minerals, 30, 89–98.Google Scholar
Colmet-Daage, F. (1969) The nature of the clay fraction of volcanic ash soils in the Antilles, Ecuador and Nicaragua. Panel on volcanic ash soils in Latin America. Training and Research Centre of IAAIS Turialba, B.2.1-B.2.11, Costa Rica.Google Scholar
Costanzo, P.M. (1984) Synthesis and characterization of hydrated kaolinites and the chemical and physical properties of the interlayer water. PhD thesis, University of New York, NY.Google Scholar
Costanzo, P.M. & Giese, R.F. (1985) Dehydration of synthetic hydrated kaolinites: a model for the dehydration of halloysite (10 Å ). Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 415–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costanzo, P.M. & Giese, R.F. (1986) Ordered halloysite: Dimethylsulfoxide intercalate. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 105–107.Google Scholar
Costanzo, P.M., Clemency, C.V. & Giese, R.F. (1980) Low-temperature synthesis of a 10 Ê hydrate of Joussein E. et al. kaolinite using dimethylsulfoxide and ammonium fluoride. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28, 155–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costanzo, P.M., Giese, R.F., Lipsicas, M. & Straley, C. (1982) Synthesis of a quasi-stable hydrated kaolinite and heat capacity of interlayer water. Nature, 296, 549–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costanzo, P.M., Giese, R.F. & Clemency, C.V. (1984a) Synthesis of 10-AÅ hydrated kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 32, 29–35.Google Scholar
Costanzo, P.M., Giese, R.F. & Lipsicas, M. (1984b) Static and dynamic structure of water in hydrated kaolinites. I. The static structure. Clays and Clay Minerals, 32, 419–428.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowley, J.K. & Vergo, N. (1988) Near-infrared reflectance spectra of mixtures of kaolin-group minerals: Use in clay mineral studies. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36, 310–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlgren, R.A. (1994) Quantification of allophane and imogolite. Pp. 430–451 in: Quantitative Methods in Soil Mineralogy (Amonette, J.E. & Zelazny, L., editors). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Dahlgren, R.A., Shoji, S. & Nanzyo, M. (1994) Mineralogical characteristics of volcanic ash soils. Pp. 101–143 in: Volcanic Ash Soils - Genesis, Properties and Utilization (Shoji, S., Nanzyo, M. & Dahlgren, R.A., editors). Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Davis, D. & Moore, G.W. (1957) Endellite and hydro- magnesite from Carlsbad Cavers. National Speleological Society Bulletin, 19, 24–27.Google Scholar
Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. & Zussman, J. (1966) Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals. Wiley, New York.Google Scholar
Delineau, T., Allard, T., Muller, J.P., Barres, O., Yvon, J. & Cases, J.M. (1994) FTIR reflectance vs. EPR studies of structural iron in kaolinites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 308–320.Google Scholar
Delvaux, B. & Herbillon, A.J. (1995) Pathways of mixed- layer kaolin-smectite formation in soils. Pp. 457–461 in: Clays control the environment - Proceedings of the 10th International Clay Conference 1993 (Churchman, G.J., Fitzpatrick, R.W. & Eggleton, R.A., editors). Adelaide, Australia.Google Scholar
Delvaux, B., Herbillon, A.J., Dufey, J.E., Burtin, G. & Vielvoye, L. (1988) Adsorption seÂlective du potassium par certaines halloysites (10 Å ) de sols tropicaux développés sur roches volcaniques. Signification minéralogique. Comptes Rendus de l'AcadeÂmie des Sciences, 307, 311–317.Google Scholar
Delvaux, B., Dufey, J.E., Vielvoye, L. & Herbillon, A.J. (1989a) Potassium exchange behavior in a weathering sequence of volcanic ash soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 53, 1679–1684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delvaux, B., Herbillon, A.J. & Vielvoye, L. (1989b) Characterization of a weathering sequence of soils derived from volcanic ash in Cameroon. Taxonomic, mineralogical and agronomic implication. Geoderma, 45, 375–388.Google Scholar
Delvaux, B., Mestdagh, M.M., Vielvoye, L. & Herbillon, A.J. (1989c) XRD, IR and ESR study of experimental alteration of Al-nontronite into mixed-layer kaolinite/smectite. Clay Minerals, 24, 617–630.Google Scholar
Delvaux, B., Herbillon, A.J., Dufey, J.E. & Vielvoye, L. (1990a) Surface properties and clay mineralogy of hydrated halloysitic soil clays. I. Existence of interlayer K+ specific sites. Clay Minerals, 25, 129–130.Google Scholar
Delvaux, B., Herbillon, A.J., Vielvoye, L. & Mestdagh, M.M. (1990b) Surface properties and clay mineralogy of hydrated halloysitic soil clays. II. Evidence for the presence of halloysite/smectite (H/Sm) mixed-layer clays. Clay Minerals, 25, 141–160.Google Scholar
Delvaux, B., Tessier, D., Herbillon, A.J., Burtin, G., Jaunet, A.M. & Vielvoye, L. (1992) Morphology, texture, and microstructure of halloysitic soil clays as related to weathering and exchangeable cation. Clays and Clay Minerals, 40, 446–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Ligny, D. & Navrotsky, A. (1999) Energetics of kaolin polymorphs. American Mineralogist, 84, 506–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Oliveira, M.T.G., Petit, S., Grauby, O., Formoso, M.L.L. & Trescases, J.J. (1997) Characterization and distribution of halloysitic clay minerals in weathered basalts (southern Parana basin, Brasil). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 69, 179–192.Google Scholar
de Putter, T., Bernard, A., Perruchot, A. Niçaise, D. & Dupuis, C. (2000) Low-temperature acid weathering in Newhaven, Sussex, United Kingdom, and its application to theoretical modeling in radioactive waste-disposal sites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 238–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Putter, T., André, L., Bernard, A., Dupuis, C., Jedwab, J., Nicaise, D. & Perruchot, A. (2002) Trace element (Th, U, Pb, REE) behaviour in a crytokarstic halloysite and kaolinite deposit from Southern Belgium: importance of “accessory” mineral forma- tion for radioactive pollutant trapping. Applied Geochemistry, 17, 1313–1328.Google Scholar
de Souza Santos, P., de Souza Santos, H. & Brindley, G.W. (1964) Mineralogical studies of kaolinite- halloysite clays: Part II. Some Brazilian kaolins. American Mineralogist, 49, 1543–1548.Google Scholar
de Souza Santos, P., Brindley, G.W. & de Souza Santos, H. (1965) Mineralogical studies of kaolinite-halloysite clays: part III. A fibrous kaolin mineral from Piedade, Sã o Paulo, Brazil. American Mineralogist, 50, 619–628.Google Scholar
de Souza Santos, P., de Souza Santos, H. & Brindley, G.W. (1966) Mineralogical studies of kaolinite- halloysite clays: part IV. A platy mineral with structural swelling and shrinking characteristics. American Mineralogist, 51, 1640–1648.Google Scholar
Desprairies, A., Tremblay, P. & Laloy, C. (1989) Secondary mineral assemblages in a volcanic Halloysite A review sequence drilled during ODP Leg 104 in the Norwegian Sea. Pp. 397–409 in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, ODP, Leg 104, Norwegian Sea (Eldholm, O., Thiede, J., Taylor, E. et al., editors), Scientific Results, 104, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program).Google Scholar
DiChiaro, M.J. (1998) Mineralogy and cesium exchange in a chronosequence of Hawaiian soils derived from volcanic debris. PhD thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Dixon, J.B. (1977) Kaolin and serpentine group minerals. Pp. 367–403 in: Minerals in Soil Environments (Dixon, J.B. & Weed, S.B., editors). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Dixon, J.B. (1989) Kaolin and serpentine group minerals. Pp. 467–526 in: Minerals in Soil Environments, 2nd edition (Dixon, J.B. & Weed, S.B., editors). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Dixon, J.B. & McKee, T.R. (1974a) Internal and external morphology of tubular and spheroidal halloysite particules. Clays and Clay Minerals, 22, 127–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, J.B. & McKee, T.R. (1974b) Spherical halloysite formation in a volcanic soil of Mexico. Pp. 115–124 in: Transactions of the 10th International Congress of the Soil Sciences, 10, Moscow, USSR.Google Scholar
Drews-Armitage, S.P., Romberger, S.B. & Whitney, C.G. (1996) Clay alteration and gold deposition in the genesis and blue star deposits, Eureka County, Nevada. Economic Geology, 91, 1383–1393.Google Scholar
Dubroeucq, D., Geissert, D. & Quantin, P. (1998) Weathering and soil forming processes under semi- arid conditions in two Mexican volcanic ash soils. Geoderma, 86, 99–122.Google Scholar
Dudas, M.J. & Harward, M.E. (1975) Weathering and authigenic halloysite in soil developed in Mazama ash. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 39, 561–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupuis, C. & Ertus, R. (1995) The karstic origin of the type halloysite in Belgium. Pp. 262–366 in: Clays Control the Environment - Proceedings of the 10th International Clay Conference 1993 (Churchman, G.J., Fitzpatrick, R.W. & Eggleton, R.A., editors), Adelaide, Australia.Google Scholar
Duzgoren-Aydin, N.S. (2003) Comparative study of weathering signatures in felsic igneous rocks of Hong Kong. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 14, 1–18.Google Scholar
Duzgoren-Aydin, N.S., Aydin, A. & Malpas, J. (2002) Distribution of clay minerals along a weathered pyroclastic profile, Hong Kong. Catena, 50, 17–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D. & Hower, J. (1975) Kaolinite synthesis: the role of the Si/Al and (alkali)/(H+) ratio in the hydro- thermal systems. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23, 301–309.Google Scholar
Ece, O.I., Nakagawa, Z.E. & Schroeder, P.A. (2003) Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the S° ile region, northern Istanbul, Turkey. I. Clay mineralogy. Clays and Clay Minerals, 51, 675–688.Google Scholar
Edelman, C.H. & Favejee, J.C.L. (1940) On the crystal structure of montmorillonite and halloysite. Zeitschrift fuür Kristallographie, 102A, 417–431.Google Scholar
Eggleton, R.A. & Tilley, D.B. (1998) Hisingerite: A ferric kaolin mineral with curved morphology. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 400–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espino-Mesa, M. & Hernandez-Moreno, J.M. (1994) Potassium selectivity in Andic soils in relation to induced acidity, sulphate status and layer silicates. Geoderma, 61, 191–201.Google Scholar
Eswaran, H. & Bin, W.C. (1978) A study of deep weathering profile on granite in peninsular Malaysia: II. Mineralogy of the clay, silt, and sand fractions. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42, 149–158.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C. (1974) The layer silicates. Pp. 331–363 in: The Infrared Spectra of Minerals (Farmer, V.C., editor). Mineralogical Society, London, UK.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farmer, V.C. & Russell, J.D. (1964) The infrared spectra of layer silicates. Spectrochimica Acta, 20, 1149–1173.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C., Smith, B.F. & Tait, J.M. (1979) The stability, free energy, and heat of formation of imogolite. Clay Minerals, 14, 103–107.Google Scholar
Farmer, V.C., McHardy, W.J., Palmeli, F., Violante, A. & Violante, P. (1991) Synthetic allophanes formed in calcareous environments: Nature, conditions of formation and transformation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 55, 1162–1166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faust, G.T. (1955) The endellite-halloysite nomencla- ture. American Mineralogist, 40, 1110–1118.Google Scholar
Fialips, C.I., Petit, S., Decarreau, A. & Beaufort, D. (2000) Influence of synthesis pH on kaolinite crystallinity’ and surface properties. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 173–184.Google Scholar
Fieldes, M. (1955) Clay mineralogy of New Zealand soils. Allophane and related mineral colloids. New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, B36, 140–154.Google Scholar
Fontaine, S., Delvaux, B., Dufey, J.E. & Herbillon, A.J. (1989) Potassium exchange behaviour in Caribbean volcanic ash soils under banana cultivation. Plant Soil, 120, 283–290.Google Scholar
Franco, F. & Ruiz Cruz, M.D. (2004) Factors influencing the intercalation degree (“reactivity”) of kaolin minerals with potassium acetate, formamide, di- methylsulphoxide and hydrazine. Clay Minerals, 39, 193–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R.L. (1995) Fourier transform Raman spectro- scopy of kaolinite, dickite and halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 191–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R.L. (1998) Hydroxyl deformation in kaolins. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 280–289.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L. & Kristóf, J. (1997) Intercalation of halloysite: a Raman spectroscopic study. Clays and Clay Joussein, E. et al. Minerals, 45, 551–563.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L. & Shurvell, H.F. (1997) Raman microprobe spectroscopy of halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 68–72.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L. & Vassallo, A.M. (1996) The dehydroxylation of the kaolinite clay minerals using infrared emission spectroscopy. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44, 635–651.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Fredericks, P.M. & Shurvell, H.F. (1996) Raman microscopy of some kaolinite clay minerals. Canadian Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, 41, 10–14.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Tran, T.H. & Kristo f, J. (1997) FT-Raman spectroscopy of the lattice region of kaolinite and its intercalates. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 13, 175–186.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Kristóf, J., Paroz, G.N. & Kloprogge, J.T. (1998a) Role of water in the intercalation of kaolinite with hydrazine. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 208, 216–225.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Kristóf, J., Paroz, G.N., Tran, T.H. & Kloprogge, J.T. (1998b) The role of water in the intercalation of kaolinite with potassium acetate. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 204, 227–236.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Kloprogge, J.T., Kristóf, J. & Horvath, E. (1999a) Deintercalation of hydrazine-intercalated low-defect kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 732–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R.L., Kristóf, J., Horvath, E. & Kloprogge, J.T. (1999b) Modification of the kaolinite hydroxyl surfaces through the application of pressure and temperature, part III. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 214, 380–388.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Kristóf, J., Paroz, G.N. & Kloprogge, J.T. (1999c) Intercalation of kaolinite with acetamide. Physical Chemistry Minerals, 26, 257–263.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Kristóf, J., Horvath, E. & Kloprogge, J.T. (2000a) Vibrational spectroscopy of formamide- intercalated kaolinites. Spectrochimica Acta, A56, 1191–1204.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Kristóf, J., Mako, E. & Kloprogge, J.T. (2000b) Modification of the hydroxyl surface of potassium acetate intercalated halloysite between 25 and 300°C. American Mineralogist, 85, 1735–1743.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R.L., Kristoóf, J., Horvath, E. & Kloprogge, J.T. (2001a) The modification of hydroxyl surfaces of formamide-intercalated kaolinites synthesized by controlled rate thermal analysis. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 239, 126–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R.L., Kristoóf, J., Horvath, E. & Kloprogge, J.T. (2001b) Separation of adsorbed formamide and intercalated formamide using controlled rate thermal analysis methodology. Langmuir, 17, 3216–3222.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Kristoóf, J., Horvath, E., Martens, W.N. & Kloprogge, J.T. (2002) Complexity of intercalation of hydrazine into kaolinite - a controlled rate thermal analysis and DRIFT spectroscopic study. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 251, 350–359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R.L., Horvath, E., Mako, E. & Kristoóf, J. & Cseh, T. (2003) The effect of mechanochemical activation upon intercalation of a high-defect kaolinite with formamide. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 265, 386–395.Google Scholar
Frost, R.L., Horvath, E., Mako, E. & Kristoóf, J. (2004) Modification of low- and high-defect kaolinite surfaces: implications for kaolinite mineral proces- sing. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 270, 337–346.Google Scholar
Fu, Y.B., Zhang, L.D. & Zheng, J.Y. (2004) Electroless deposition of Ni on template of halloysite and its magnetic property. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 14, 152–156.Google Scholar
Gaeddert, A. (2001) How do you treat intestinal gas? Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, June issue. Galaán, E. & Martin, Vivaldi, J.L. (1973) Caolines espanÄoles. Geologia, mineralogia y genesis. III: Clasificacion de los depositos de caolines espanÄoles segun su ambiente genetico. Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Ceramica y Vidrio, 12, 333–340.Google Scholar
Gallagher, L.A., Marinho, F.J., Jeffcoate, C.S. & Gershun, A. (2004) Sealing composition having corrosion inhibitor and Kevlar pulp. Pp. 11, Application: US, USA.Google Scholar
Garrett, W.G. & Walker, G.F. (1959) The cation- exchange capacity of hydrated halloysite and the formation of halloysite-salt complexes. Clay Minerals Bulletin, 4, 75–80.Google Scholar
Giese, R.F. (1988) Kaolin minerals: Structures and stabilities. Pp. 29–66 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (exclusive of micas) (Bailey, S.W., editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19, Mineralogical Society of America, Chelsea, MI.Google Scholar
Giese, R.F. & Costanzo, P.M. (1986) Behavior of water on the surface of kaolin minerals. Pp. 37–53 in: Geochemical Processes at Mineral Surfaces (Davis, J.A. & Hayes, K.F., editors). ACS Symposium series 323. American Chemical Society.Google Scholar
Ginzburg, I.I. & Rukavishnikova, I.A. (1951) Mineraly drevne.crn.i kory vyvetrivaniya Urala (Minerals from the ancient, weathered crust of the Urals). House Academy of Sciences, S.S.S.R., Moscow.Google Scholar
Grim, R.E. (1968) Clay Mineralogy. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Gualtieri, A.F. (2001) Synthesis of sodium zeolites from a natural halloysite. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 28, 719–728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guggenheim, S. & Eggleton, R.A. (1988) Crystal chemistry, classification, and identification of modulated layer silicates. Hydrous phyllosilicates. Pp. 675–725 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (exclusive of micas) (Bailey, S.W., editor). Reviews in Mineralogy, 19, Mineralogical Society of America, Chelsea, MI.Google Scholar
Ha, S.N. & Lee, H.C. (2003) Cosmetic composition for preventing the skin aging and whitening the skin, containing natural mixture having plentiful inorganic substances including selenium. Industrial report, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, South Korea.Google Scholar
Harrison, J.L. & Greenberg, S.S. (1962) Dehydration of fully hydrated halloysite from Lawrence County, Indiana. Pp. 374–377 in: Proceedings of 9th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals (Swineford, A., editor). Clays and Clay Minerals, 9, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Hart, R.D., Gilkes, R.J., Siradz, S. & Singh, B. (2002) The nature of soil kaolins from Indonesia and Western Australia. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 198–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, C.C. (1996) Halloysite for high quality ceramics. Pp. 71–73 in: Industrial Clays, 2nd edition. Industrial Minerals Special Review (Kendall, T., editor). Metal Bulletin, London.Google Scholar
Harvey, C.C. (1997) Exploration and assessment of kaolin clays formed from acid volcanic rocks on the Coromandel Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand. Applied Clay Science, 11, 381–392.Google Scholar
Harvey, C.C. & Murray, H.H. (1993) The geology, mineralogy and exploitation of halloysite clays of Northland, New Zealand. Pp. 233–248 in: Kaolin: Genesis and Utilization (Murray, H.H., Bundy, W.M. & Harvey, C.C., editors). The Clay Minerals Society, Boulder, CO.Google Scholar
Harvey, C.C. & Murray, H.H. (1997) Industrial clays in the 21st century: A perspective of exploration, technology and utilization. Applied Clay Science, 11, 285–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haseman, J.F., Brown, E.H. & Whitt, C.D. (1950) Some reaction of phosphate with clays and hydrous oxides of iron and aluminium. Soil Science, 70, 257–271.Google Scholar
Hayashi, S., Okada, N., Kohyama, N. & Ossaka, J. (1987) Particle morphology and iron content of halloysite. Journal of Clay Science Society of Japan, 27, 162–169 (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Hem, J.D. & Lind, C.J. (1974) Kaolinite synthesis at 25ëC. Science, 184, 1171–1173.Google Scholar
Hendricks, S.B. (1938) On the crystal structure of the clay minerals: dickite, halloysite and hydrated halloysite. American Mineralogist, 23, 295–301.Google Scholar
Hendricks, S.B. & Jefferson, M.E. (1938) Structure of kaolin and talc-pyrophyllite hydrates and their bearing on water sorption of the clays. American Mineralogist, 23, 863–875.Google Scholar
Herbillon, A.J., Delvaux, B., Rouiller, J. & Ngakanou, D. (1989) Halloysites from tropical ash-derived soils as minerals at the border between high activity and low activity clays. Proceedings of the International Soil Classification Conference, Alma Ata, Kazakhstan.Google Scholar
Hewitt, A.E. & Churchman, G.J. (1982) Formation, chemistry and mineralogy of soils from weathered schist, Eastern Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science, 25, 253–269.Google Scholar
Hillier, S. & Ryan, P.C. (2002) Identification of halloysite (7 A Ê ) by ethylene glycol solvation: the “MacEwan effect”. Clay Minerals, 37, 487–496.Google Scholar
Hofmann, U., Endell, K. & Wilm, D. (1934) RoÈ ntgenographishe und kolloidchemishe Untersuchungun uÈber ton. Angewandte Chemie, 47, 539–547.Google Scholar
Honjo, G. & Mihama, K. (1954) A study of clay minerals by electron-diffraction diagrams due to individual crystallites. Acta Crystallographia, 7, 511–513.Google Scholar
Honjo, G., Kitamura, N. & Mihama, K. (1954) A study of clay minerals by means of single-crystal electron diffraction diagrams - the structure of tubular kaolin. Clay Minerals Bulletin, 2, 133–141.Google Scholar
Hope, E.W. & Kittrick, J.A. (1964) Surface tension and morphology of halloysite. American Mineralogist, 49, 859–866.Google Scholar
Horváth, E., Kristóf, J., Frost, R.L., Redey, A., Vagvolgyi, V. & Cseh, T. (2003) Hydrazine-hydrate intercalated halloysite under controlled-rate thermal analysis conditions. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 71, 707–714.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huertas, F.J., Fiore, S., Huertas, F. & Linares, J. (1999) Experimental study of the hydrothermal formation of kaolinite. Chemical Geology, 156, 171–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, I.R. (1966) Mineral changes of halloysite on drying. New Zealand Journal of Science, 9, 103–113.Google Scholar
Hughes, J.C. (1980) Crystallinity of kaolin minerals and their weathering sequence in some soil from Nigeria, Brazil and Colombia. Geoderma, 24, 317–325.Google Scholar
Hughes, J.C. & Brown, G. (1979) A crystallinity index for soil kaolins and its relation to parent rock, climate and soil maturity. Journal of Soil Science, 30, 557–563.Google Scholar
Hurst, V.J. & Kunkle, A.C. (1985) Dehydroxylation, rehydroxylation, and stability of kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ildefonse, P., Kirkpatrick, R.J., Montez, B., Calas, G., Flank, A.M. & Lagarde, P. (1994) 27Al MAS NMR and aluminum X-ray absorption near edge structure study of imogolite and allophanes. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 276–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imai, H., Nakano, H. & Urabe, K. (2004) Microstructural observation of tubular halloysite with a high- resolution transmission electron microscope. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 112, 1153–1155.Google Scholar
Imbert, T. & Desprairies, A. (1987) Neoformation of halloysite on volcanic glass in a marine environment. Clay Minerals, 22, 179–185.Google Scholar
Iriarte, I., Petit, S., Huertas, F.J., Fiore, S., Grauby, O., Decarreau, A. & Linares, J. (2005) Synthesis of kaolinite with a high level of Fe3+ for Al substitution. Clays and Clay Minerals, 53, 1–10.Google Scholar
Islam, M.R., Peuraniemi, V., Aario, R. & Rojstaczer, S. Joussein, E. et al. (2002) Geochemistry and mineralogy of saprolite in Finnish Lapland. Applied Geochemistry, 17, 885–902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, M.L. (1962) Significance of kaolinite intercalation in clay mineral analysis. Pp. 424–430 in: Proceedings of 9th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals 1960 (Swineford, A., editor). Clays and Clay Minerals, 9, Pergamon Press, Oxfored, UK.Google Scholar
Jackson, M.L. & Abdel-Kader, F.H. (1978) Kaolinite intercalation procedure for all sizes and types with X-ray spacing distinctive from other phyllosilicates. Clays and Clay Minerals, 17, 157–167.Google Scholar
Janik, L.J. & Keeling, J.L. (1993) FT-IR partial least- squares analysis of tubular halloysite in kaolin samples from the Mount Hope kaolin deposit. Clay Minerals, 28, 365–378.Google Scholar
Jemai, S., Ben Haj Amara, A., Ben Brahim, J. & Plançon, A. (1999) Etude structurale par diffraction des RX et spectroscopie IR des hydrates 10 et 8.4 Å de kaolinite. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 32, 968–976.Google Scholar
Jemai, S., Ben Haj Amara, A., Ben Brahim, J. & Plançon, A. (2000) Etude structurale d'un hydrate 10 Å instable de kaolinite. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 33, 1075–1081.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.Y. (1998) Formation of vermicular kaolinite from halloysite aggregates in the weathering of plagioclase. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 270–279.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.Y. (2000) The dependence of localized crystal- lization of halloysite and kaolinite on primary minerals in the weathering profile of granite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 196–203.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.Y. & Kim, S.J. (1993) Boxwork fabric of halloysite-rich kaolin formed by weathering of anorthosite in the Sancheong area, Korea. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 56–65.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.Y. & Kim, S.J. (1996) Morphology of halloysite particles and aggregates in the weathering of anorthosite. Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea, 9, 64–70.Google Scholar
Jeong, G.Y., Kim, Y., Chang, S. & Kim, S.J. (2003) Morphological change of halloysite derived from weathering of illite in residual kaolin. Neues Jahrbuch fuÈr Mineralogie Monatshefte, 9, 421–432.Google Scholar
Jin, H.G., Jung, S.Y., Kwon, O.Y. & Lee, J.M. (2003) Method for producing nano composites of polymer and kaolinite. Industrial report, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, South Korea.Google Scholar
Johnson, S.L., Guggenheim, S. & Koster Van Groos, A.F. (1990) Thermal stability of halloysite by high- pressure differential thermal analysis. Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 477–484.Google Scholar
Johnsson, M.J., Ellen, S.D. & McKittrick, M.A. (1993) Intensity and duration of chemical weathering: an example from soil clays of the southeastern Koolau Mountains, Oahu, Hawai'i. Pp. 147–170 in: Processes Controlling the Composition of Clastic Sediments (Johnsson, M.J. & Basu, A., editors). Geological Society of America, Special Paper 284, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Jones, R.C. & Malik, H.U. (1994) Analysis of minerals in oxide-rich soils by X-ray diffraction. Pp. 296–329 in: Quantitative Methods in Soil Mineralogy - Proceedings of a Symposium of the Soil Science Society of America 1990. Soil Science Society of America Miscellaneous Pub., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.Google Scholar
Jongmans, A.G., van Oort, F., Denaix, L. & Jaunet, A.M. (1999) Mineral micro- and nano-variability revealed by combined micromorphology and in situ sub- microscopy. Catena, 35, 259–279.Google Scholar
Joussein, E., Petit, S., & Decarreau, A. (2001) Une nouvelle meÂthode de dosage des mineÂraux argileux en meÂlange par spectroscopie IR - A new method to determine the ratio of clay minerals in mixtures by IR spectroscopy. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science, 332, 83–89.Google Scholar
Joussein, E., Kruytz, N., Righi, D., Petit, S. & Delvaux, B. (2004) Specific retention of radiocesium in volcanic ash soils devoid of micaceous clay minerals. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 313–319.Google Scholar
Joussein, E., Petit, S. & Delvaux, B. Behaviour of halloysite clay under formamide treatment. Applied Clay Science (submitted).Google Scholar
Kanno, I. (1956) A pedological investigation of Japanese volcanic ash soils. Pp. 105–109 in: Transactions of the 6th International Congress of Soil Science, Paris.Google Scholar
Kanno, I. (1961) Genesis and classification of main genetic soil types in Japan. 1. Introduction and humic allophane soils. Bulletin Kyushu Agricultural Experiment Station, 7, 13–185 (in Japanese, with an English abstract).Google Scholar
Karpoff, A.M. (1992) Cenozoic and Mesozoic sediments from the Pigafetta Basin. Pp. 3–30 in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, ODP (Larson, R., Lancelot, Y. et al., editors), Scientific Results, 129, College Station, TX.Google Scholar
Kasseh, A., Chaouki, J. & Ennajimi, E. (2004) Self- foamable organoclay/novolak nanocomposites and process thereof. U.S. Patent Application, WO2004063259, USA.Google Scholar
Kautz, C.Q. & Ryan, P.C. (2003) The 10 Å to 7 Å halloysite transition in a tropical soil sequence, Costa Rica. Clays and Clay Minerals, 51, 252–263.Google Scholar
Kawano, M. & Tomita, K. (1995) Experimental study on the formation of clay minerals from obsidian by interaction with acid solution at 150° and 200°C. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 212–222.Google Scholar
Kawano, M. & Tomita, K. (2001) TEM-EDX study of weathered layers on the surface of volcanic glass, bytownite, and hypersthene in volcanic ash from Sakurajima volcano, Japan. American Mineralogist, 86, 284–292.Google Scholar
Keller, W.D. (1963) Hydrothermal kaolinization (en- dellitization) of volcanic glassy rock. Pp. 333–343 in: Proceedings of the 10th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals 1961 (Swineford, A., editor). Clays and Clay Minerals, 10, Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Keller, W.D., Cheng, H., Johns, W.D. & Meng, C.S. (1980) Kaolin from the original Kauling (Gaoling) mine locality, Kiangsi Province, China. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28, 97–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, H.M., Deasy, P.B., Ziaka, E. & Claffey, N. (2004) Formulation and preliminary in vivo dog studies of a novel drug delivery system for the treatment of periodontitis. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 274, 167–183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kempe, S. & Werner, M.S. (2003) The Kuka'iau Cave, Mauna Kea, Hawaii, created by water erosion: A new Hawaiian cave type. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 65, 53–67.Google Scholar
Kempe, S., Bauer, I. & Henschel, H.V. (2003) Pa'auhau civil defense cave on Mauna Kea, Hawaii ± a lava tube modified by water erosion. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 65, 76–85.Google Scholar
Kerr, P.F., Hamilton, P.K. & Pill, R.J. (1950) Analytical data on reference clay materials. Preliminary report no. 7. Reference clay minerals. American Petroleum Institute, Research Project 49, Columbia, New York.Google Scholar
King, E.G. & Weller, W.W. (1961) Low-temperature heat capacities and entropies at 298.15 K of diaspore, kaolinite, dickite and halloysite. US Bureau of Mines Report of Investigation, 5810, 6.Google Scholar
Kirkman, J.H. (1977) Possible structure of halloysite disks and cylinders observed in some New Zealand rhyolitic tephras. Clay Minerals, 12, 199–215.Google Scholar
Kirkman, J.H. (1981) Morphology and structure of halloysite in New Zealand tephras. Clays and Clay Minerals, 29, 1–9.Google Scholar
Kittrick, J.A. (1969) Soil mineral in the Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system and a theory of their formation. Clays and Clay Minerals, 17, 157–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kittrick, J.A. (1970) Precipitation of kaolinite at 25ëC and 1 atmosphere. Clays and Clay Minerals, 18, 261–267.Google Scholar
Klimkiewicz, R. & Drag, E.B. (2004) Catalytic activity of carbonaceous deposits in zeolite from halloysite in alcohol conversions. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 65, 459–464.Google Scholar
Kloprogge, J.T. & Frost, R.L. (1999) Raman microprobe spectroscopy of hydrated halloysite from a Neogene cryptokarst from Southern Belgium. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 30, 1079–1085.Google Scholar
Kloprogge, J.T. & Frost, R.L. (2000) Infrared emission spectroscopy study of the dehydroxylation of 10 Å halloysite from a neogene cryptokarst of southern Belgium. Annales de la SocieÂte GeÂologique Belge, 2, 213–220.Google Scholar
Kodama, H. & Oinuma, K. (1963) Identification of kaolin minerals in the presence of chlorite by X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption spectra. Pp. 236–249 in: Proceedings of the 10th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals 1961 (Swineford, A., editor). Clays and Clay Minerals, 10, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Kohyama, N., Fukushima, K. & Fukami, A. (1978) Observation of the hydrated form of tubular halloysite by an electron microscope equipped with an environmental cell. Clays and Clay Minerals, 26, 25–40.Google Scholar
Kohyama, N., Fukushima, K. & Fukami, A. (1982) Interlayer hydrates and complexes of clay minerals observed by electron microscopy using an environmental cell. Pp. 373–384 in: Proceedings of the 7th International Clay Conference 1981 (H., van Olphen & F., Veniale, editors). Developments in Sedimentology, 35, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Komarneni, S., Fyfe, C.A. & Kennedy, G.J. (1985) Order- disorder in 1:1 type clay minerals by solid-state 27Al and 29Si magic-angle-spinning NMR spectroscopy. Clay Minerals, 20, 327–334.Google Scholar
Kristóf, J., Frost, R.L., Kloprogge, J.T., Horvath, E. & Gabor, M. (1999) Thermal behaviour of kaolinite intercalated with formamide, dimethylsulfoxide and hydrazine. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 56, 885–891.Google Scholar
Kristóf, J., Frost, R.L., Kloprogge, J.T., Horvath, E. & Mako, E. (2002) Detection of four different OH- groups in ground kaolinite with controlled-rate thermal analysis. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 69, 77–83.Google Scholar
Kunze, G.W. & Bradley, W.F. (1964) Occurence of a tabular halloysite in a Texas soil. Pp. 523–528 in: Proceedings of the 12th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals 1963 (Bradley, W.F., editor). Clays and Clay Minerals, 19, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Kutsuna, S., Chen, L., Nohara, K., Takeuchi, K. & Ibusuki, T. (2002) Heterogeneous decomposition of CHF2OCH2CF3 and CHF2OCH2C2F5 over various standard aluminosilica clay minerals in air at 313 K. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 3118–3123.Google Scholar
La Iglesia, A. & Galán, E. (1975) Halloysite-kaolinite transformation at room temperature. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23, 109–113.Google Scholar
La Iglesia, A. & Van Oosterwyck-Gastuche, M.C. (1978) Kaolinite synthesis. I. Crystallization conditions at low temperatures and calculation of thermodynamic equilibria. Application to laboratory and field observations. Clays and Clay Minerals, 26, 397–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G. (1984) Clay organic reactions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, A311, 315–332.Google Scholar
Larsen, E.S. & Wherry, E.T. (1917) Halloysite from Joussein E. et al. Colorado. Journal of Washington Academy of Sciences, 7, 178–180.Google Scholar
Ledoux, R.L. & White, J.L. (1964) Infrared study of selective deuteration of kaolinite and halloysite at room temperature. Science, 145, 47–49.Google Scholar
Lee, S.Y. & Gilkes, R.J. (2005) Groundwater geochem- istry and composition of hardpans in southwestern Australian regolith. Geoderma, 126, 59–84.Google Scholar
Lee, S.Y. & Kim, S.J. (2002) Adsorption of naphthalene by HDTMA modified kaolinite and halloysite. Applied Clay Science, 22, 55–63.Google Scholar
Lee, S.Y., Jackson, M.L. & Brown, J.L. (1975) Micaceous occlusions in kaolinite observed by ultramicrotomy and high resolution electron microscopy. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23, 125–129.Google Scholar
Levis, S.R. & Deasy, P.B. (2002) Characterisation of halloysite for use as a microtubular drug delivery system. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 243, 125–134.Google Scholar
Levis, S.R. & Deasy, P.B. (2003) Use of coated microtubular halloysite for the sustained release of diltiazem hydrochloride and propranolol hydrochloride. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 253, 145–157.bGoogle Scholar
Lin, Z.X. & Puls, R.W. (2000) Adsorption, desorption and oxidation of arsenic affected by clay minerals and aging process. Environmental Geology, 39, 753–759.Google Scholar
Lin, Z.X. & Puls, R.W. (2001) Studies of interfacial reactions between arsenic and minerals and its significance to site characterization. Environmental Geology, 40, 1433–1439.Google Scholar
Lipsicas, M., Straley, C., Costanzo, P.M. & Giese, R.F. (1985) Static and dynamic structure of water in hydrated kaolinites: Part II. The dynamic structure. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 107, 221–230.Google Scholar
Loughnan, F.C. (1957) A technique for the isolation of montmorillonite and halloysite. American Mineralogist, 42, 393–397.Google Scholar
Loughnan, F.C. & Roberts, F.I. (1981) The natural conversion of ordered kaolinite to halloysite (10 A Ê ) at Burning Mountain near Wingen, New South Wales. American Mineralogist, 66, 997–1005.Google Scholar
Lovell, J.S., Turchi, C.S. & Broderick, T.E. (2004) High capacity regenerable sorbent for removal of mercury from flue gas. U.S. Patent Application, 6719828, USA.Google Scholar
Low, P.F. & Black, C.A. (1950) Reactions of phosphate with kaolinite. Soil Science, 70, 273–290.Google Scholar
Lowe, D.J. (1986) Controls on the rates of weathering and clay mineral genesis in airfall tephras: a review and New Zealand case study. Pp. 265–330 in: Rates of Chemical Weathering of Rocks and Minerals (Colman, S.M. & Dethier, D.P., editors). Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, USA.Google Scholar
Lowe, D.J. (1995) Teaching clays: From ashes to allophane. Pp. 19–23 in: Clays Control the Environment - Proceedings of the 10th International Clay Conference 1993 (Churchman, G.J., Fitzpatrick, R.W. & Eggleton, R.A., editors). Adelaide, Australia.Google Scholar
Lvov, Y., Price, R., Gaber, B. & Ichinose, I. (2002) Thin film nanofabrication via layer-by-layer adsorption of tubule halloysite, spherical silica, proteins and polycations. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 198- 200, 375–382.Google Scholar
Ma, C. & Eggleton, R.A. (1999) Cation exchange capacity of kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 174–180.Google Scholar
MacEwan, D.M.C. (1946) Halloysite-organic complexes. Nature, 157, 159–160.Google Scholar
MacEwan, D.M.C. (1947) The nomenclature of the halloysite minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, 28, 36–44.Google Scholar
MacEwan, D.M.C. (1948) Complexes of clay with organic compounds. I. Complex formation between montmorillonite and halloysite and certain organic liquids. Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions, 44, 349–367.Google Scholar
MacEwan, D.M.C. & Wilson, M.J. (1980) Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals. Pp. 197–248 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification (Brindley, G.W. & Brown, G., editors). Monograph 5, Mineralogical Society, London.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, K.J.D. (1970) Thermal decomposition of Derbyshire allophane. Clay Minerals, 8, 349–351.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, K.J.D. & van Barneveld, D. (2005) Carbothermal synthesis of b-sialon from mechano- chemically activated precursors. Journal of the European Ceramic Society (in press).Google Scholar
Majid, A., Argue, S., Boyko, V., Pleizier, G., L'Ecuyer, P., Tunney, J. & Lang, S. (2003) Characterization of sol- gel-derived nano-particles separated from oil sands fine tailings. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 224, 33–44.Google Scholar
Maksimovicć, Z.J. (2003) An unknown Ni-Al hydrosilicate. Acta Geologica Hungarica, 46, 313–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maksimovicć, Z.J. & Brindley, G.W. (1980) Hydrothermal alteration of a serpentine near Takovo, Yugoslavia, to chromium-bearing illite/smectite, kaolinite, tosudite, and halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28, 295–302.Google Scholar
Maksimovicć, Z.J. & White, J.L. (1973) Infrared study of chromium-bearing halloysites. Pp. 61–73 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1972 (Serratosa, J.M., editor). Division de Ciencias, C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Marumo, K. & Hattori, K.H. (1999) Seafloor hydrothermal clay alteration at Jade in the back-arc Okinawa Trough: Mineralogy, geochemistry and isotope characteristics. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 2785–2804.Google Scholar
Masui, J.I. & Shoji, S. (1969) Crystalline clay minerals in volcanic ash soils of Japan. Pp. 383–392 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1969, Tokyo (Heller, L., editor). Israel University Press, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Maubru, M., Restle, S. & Perron, B. (2004) Cosmetic compositions comprising a methacrylic acid copolymer, insoluble mineral particles and a cationic or amphoteric polymers. Industrial report, L'oreal, France.Google Scholar
Mehmel, M. (1935) Uber die struktur von halloysit und metahalloysit? Zeischrift für Kristallographie, 90, 35–42 (in German).Google Scholar
Melka, K., Šuchá, V., Zeman, A., Bosák, P. & Langrová, A. (2000) Halloysite from karst sediments of the koněprusy area: Evidence for acid hydrothermal speleogenesis in the Bohemian Karst, Czech Republic. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica, 44, 117–124.Google Scholar
Merino, E., Harvey, C. & Murray, H.H. (1989) Aqueous- chemical control of the tetrahedral-aluminium content of quartz, halloysite, and other low-temperature silicates. Clays and Clay Minerals, 37, 135–142.Google Scholar
Mestdagh, M.M., Herbillon, A.J., Rodrique, L. & Rouxhet, P.G. (1982) Evaluation du roÃle du fer structural sur la cristalliniteé des kaolinites. Bulletin MineÂralogique, 105, 457–466.Google Scholar
Miller, A.K., Guggenheim, S. & Koster van Groos, A.F. (1991) Bond energy of adsorbed and interlayer water: Kerolite dehydration at elevated pressures. Clays and Clay Minerals, 39, 127–130.Google Scholar
Miller, W.D. & Keller, W.D. (1963) Differentiation between endellite-halloysite and kaolinite by treatment with potassium acetate and ethylene glycol. Pp. 244–253 in: Proceedings of the 10th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals 1961 (Swineford, A., editor). Clay and Clay Minerals, 10, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Minato, H. & Utada, M. (1969) Mode of occurence and mineralogy of halloysite from Iki, Japan. Pp. 393–402 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1969, Tokyo (Heller, L., editor). Israel University Press, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Minato, H., Kusakabe, H. & Inoue, A. (1982) Alteration reactions of halloysite under hydrothermal conditions with acidic solutions. Pp. 565–572 in: Proceedings of the 7th International Clay Conference 1981 (Van Olphen, H. & Veniale, F., editors). Developments in Sedimentology, 35, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Ming, D.W. & Mumpton, F.A. (1989) Zeolites in soils. Pp. 873–911 in: Minerals in Soil Environments (Dixon, J.B. & Weed, S.B., editors) 2nd edition. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Mitra, G.B. & Bhattacherjee, S. (1975) The structure of halloysite. Acta Crystallographia, B31, 2851–2857.Google Scholar
Mizota, C. & van Reeuwijk, L.P. (1989) Clay mineralogy and chemistry of soils formed in volcanic material in diverse climatic regions. Soil Monograph, 2, ISRIC, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Mizota, C., Carrasco, M.A. & Wada, K. (1982) Clay mineralogy and some chemical properties of Ap horizons of andosoils used for paddy rice in Japan. Geoderma, 27, 225–237.Google Scholar
Muehlebach, A. & Rime, F. (2004) Process for intercalating natural or synthetic clays with block or comb copolymers. Industrial report, Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc., Switzerland.Google Scholar
Muller, J.P. & Calas, G. (1989) Tracing kaolinites through their defect centres: Kaolinite paragenesis in a laterite (Cameroon). Economic Geology, 84, 694–707.Google Scholar
Murray, H.H., Harvey, C.C. & Smith, J.M. (1977) Mineralogy and geology of the Maungaparerua halloysite deposit in New Zealand. Clays and Clay Minerals, 25, 1–5.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, K. (1978) Weathering of volcanic ash and other pyroclastic materials. Pp. 189–219 in: Clays and Clay Minerals of Japan (Sudo, T. & Shimoda, S., editors). Developments in Sedimentology, 26, Kodansha Ltd and Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, K. (1992) Geology and mineralogy of kaolinitic clay deposits around Nagoya. Pp. 1–15 in: Clay Minerals, their Natural Resources and Uses (Nagasawa, K., editor). Hamamatzu, Japan.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, K. & Miyazaki, S. (1976) Mineralogical properties of halloysite as related to its genesis. Pp. 257–265 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1975 (Bailey, S.W., editor). Applied Publishing Ltd, Wilmette, USA.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, K. & Noro, H. (1985) Mineralogical properties of halloysites of weathering origin. Pp. 215–221 in: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Laterite. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Nagasawa, K. & Noro, H. (1987) Mineralogical properties of halloysites of weathering origin. Chemical Geology, 60, 145–149.Google Scholar
Ndayiragije, S. & Delvaux, B. (2003) Coexistence of allophane, gibbsite, kaolinite and hydroxy-Al-inter- layered 2:1 clay minerals in a perudic Andosol. Geoderma, 117, 203–214.Google Scholar
Ndayiragije, S. & Delvaux, B. (2004) Selective sorption of potassium in a weathering sequence of volcanic ash soils from Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Catena, 56, 185–198.Google Scholar
Neuber, U. & Bender, H. (2004) Acrylate sealants. Industrial report, Germany.Google Scholar
Newman, A.C.D. (1987) The interaction of water with clay mineral surfaces. Pp. 237–274 in: Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals (Newman, A.C.D., editor). Mineralogical Society Monograph 6, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, UK.Google Scholar
Newman, A.C.D. & Brown, G. (1987) The chemical E. Joussein et al. constitution of clays. Pp. 1–128 in: Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals (A.Newman, C.D., editor). Mineralogical Society Monograph 6, Longman Scientific & Technical, Harlow, Essex, UK.Google Scholar
Newman, R.H., Childs, C.W. & Churchman, G.J. (1994) Aluminium coordination and structural disorder in halloysite and kaolinite by 27Al NMR spectroscopy. Clay Minerals, 29, 305–312.Google Scholar
Nizeyimana, E., Bicki, T.J. & Agbu, P.A. (1997) An assessment of colloidal constituents and clay mineralogy of soils derived from volcanic materials along a toposequence in Rwanda. Soil Science, 162, 361–371.Google Scholar
Noro, H. (1986) Hexagonal platy halloysite in an altered tuff bed, Komaki city, Aichi prefecture, Central Japan. Clay Minerals, 21, 401–415.Google Scholar
Noro, H., Yamada, K. & Suzuki, K. (1981) An application of electron probe microanalysis for clay minerals. Kobutsugaku Zasshi, 15, 42–54 (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Norrish, K. (1995) An unusual fibrous halloysite. Pp. 275–284 in: Clays Control the Environment- Proceedings of the 10th International Clay Conference 1993 (Churchman, G.J., Fitzpatrick, R.W. & Eggleton, R.A., editors). Adelaide, Australia.Google Scholar
Novembre, D., Di Sabatino, B. & Gimeno, D. (2005) Synthesis of Na-A zeolite from 10 A Ê halloysite and a new crystallization kinetic model for the transformation of Na-A into HS zeolite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 53, 28–36.Google Scholar
Okada, K. & Ossaka, J. (1983) The relation between some properties of halloysites and their sedimentary ages. Journal of the Clay Science Society of Japan, 23, 149–158 (in Japanese).Google Scholar
Okamura, Y. & Wada, K. (1984) Ammonium-calcium exchange equilibria in soils and weathered pumices that differ in cation exchange materials. Journal of Soil Science, 35, 387–389.Google Scholar
Olejnik, S., Aylmore, L.A.G., Posner, A.M. & Quirk, J.P. (1968) Infrared spectra of kaolin mineral-dimethyl sulfoxide complexes. Journal of Physical Chemistry, 72, 241–249.Google Scholar
Olejnik, S., Posner, A.M. & Quirk, J.P. (1970) The intercalation of polar organic compounds into kaolinite. Clay Minerals, 8, 421–434.Google Scholar
Olejnik, S., Posner, A.M. & Quirk, J.P. (1971) The infrared spectra of interlamellar kaolinite-amide complexes. II. Acetamide, N-methylacetamide and dimethylacetamide. Journal of Colloid Interface Science, 37, 536–547.Google Scholar
Pajcini, V. & Dhamelincourt, P. (1994) Raman study of the OH-stretching vibrations in kaolinite at low temperature. Applied Spectroscopy, 48, 638–641.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. (1990) Allophane in New Zealand: a review. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 28, 343–360.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. (1992) Potassium-calcium exchange in some New Zealand soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 30, 145–158.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. & Churchman, G.J. (1988) Clay minerals and humus complexes in five Kenyan soils derived from volcanic ash - a discussion. Geoderma, 42, 365–367.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. & Kimble, J.M. (1990) Conditions of formation of allophane in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 53, 971–977.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L. & Wilson, A.D. (1985) Estimation of allophane and halloysite in three sequences of volcanic soils, New Zealand. Geoderma, 29, 41–57.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Russell, M. & Orbell, G.E. (1983) Weathering sequence of soils from volcanic ash involving allophane and halloysite, New Zealand. Geoderma, 29, 41–57.Google Scholar
Parfitt, R.L., Saigusa, M. & Cowie, J.D. (1984) Allophane and halloysite formation in a volcanic ash bed under different moisture conditions. Soil Science, 138, 360–364.Google Scholar
Parham, W.E. (1969) Halloysite-rich tropical weathering products of Hong Kong. Pp. 403–416 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1969, Tokyo (Heller, L., editor). Israel University Press, Jerusalem Tokyo, Japan.Google Scholar
Parham, W.E. (1969) Formation of halloysite from feldspar: low temperature artificial weathering versus natural weathering. Clays and Clay Minerals, 17, 13–22.Google Scholar
Parker, T.W. (1969) A classification of kaolinites by infrared spectroscopy. Clay Minerals, 8, 135–141.Google Scholar
Percival, H.J. (1995) Relative stabilities of selected clay minerals in soils based on a critical selection of solubility constants. Pp. 462–468 in: Clays Control the Environment - Proceedings of the 10th International Clay Conference 1993 (Churchman, G.J., Fitzpatrick, R.W. & Eggleton, R.A., editors). Adelaide, Australia.Google Scholar
Perruchot, A., Dupuis, C., Brouard, E., Nicaise, D. & Ertus, R. (1997) L'halloysite karstique: comparaison des gisements types de Wallonie (Belgique) et du Périgord (France). Clay Minerals, 32, 271–287.Google Scholar
Petit, S. & Decarreau, A. (1990) Hydrothermal (200ëC) synthesis and crystal chemistry of iron-rich kaolinites. Clay Minerals, 25, 181–196.Google Scholar
Petit, S., Righi, D., Madejová, J. & Decarreau, A. (1998) Layer charge estimation of smectites using infrared spectroscopy. Clay Minerals, 33, 579–591.Google Scholar
Polyak, V.J. & GuÈven, N. (1996) Alunite, natroalunite and hydrated halloysite in Carlsbad cavern and Lechuguilla cave, New Mexico. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44, 843–850.Google Scholar
Polyak, V.J. & Güven, N. (2000) Clays in caves of the Guadalupe mountains, New Mexico. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 62, 120–126.Google Scholar
Ponder, H. & Keller, W.D. (1960) Geology, mineralogy, and genesis of selected fireclays from Latah County, Idaho. Pp. 44–62 in: Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals 1959 (Swineford, A., editor). Clays and Clay Minerals, 8, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Price, R.R., Gaber, B.P. & Lvov, Y. (2001) In-vitro release characteristics of tetracycline HCl, khellin and nicotinamide adenine dineculeotide from halloysite; a cylindrical mineral. Journal of Microencapsulation, 18, 713–722.Google Scholar
Qiu, J.Y., Zhang, C., Komeya, K., Meguro, T., Tatami, T. & Cheng, Y.B. (2001) Mg-α-SiAlON produced by carbothermal reduction nitridation of talc and halloysite. The Journal of the Australasian Ceramics Society, 37, 45–49.Google Scholar
Qiu, Q., Hlavacek, V. & Prochazka, S. (2005) Carbonitridation of Fly Ash. I. Synthesis of SiAlON-based Materials. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44, 2469–2476.Google Scholar
Quantin, P. (1988) Les sols de l'archipel volcanique des Nouvelles Hébrides (Vanuatu). Etude de la pédogéneèse initiale en milieu tropical. ORSTOM editor, Paris.Google Scholar
Quantin, P., Herbillon, A.J., Janot, C. & Sieffermann, G. (1984) L'halloysite blanche riche en fer de Vate (Vanuatu) - Hypothèse d'un édifice interstratifié halloysite-hisengérite. Clay Minerals, 19, 629–643.Google Scholar
Quantin, P., Gautheyrou, J. & Lorenzoni, P. (1988) Halloysite formation through in situ weathering of volcanic glass from trachytic pumices, Vico's volcano, Italy. Clay Minerals, 23, 423–437.Google Scholar
Radoslovich, E.W. (1963) The cell dimensions and symmetry of layer-lattice silicate. VI. Serpentine and kaolin morphology. American Mineralogist, 48, 368–378.Google Scholar
Range, K.J., Range, A. & Weiss, A. (1969) Fire-clay kaolinite or fire-clay mineral? Experimental classification of kaolinite-halloysite minerals. Pp. 3–13 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1969, Tokyo (Heller, L., editor). Israel University Press, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Rattigan, J.H. (1967) Occurence and genesis of halloysite, Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. American Mineralogist, 52, 1795–1805.Google Scholar
Raupach, M., Barron, P.F. & Thompson, J.G. (1987) Nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, and X-ray powder diffraction study of dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylselenoxide intercalates with kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35, 208–219.Google Scholar
Rayner, J.H. (1962) An examination of the rate of formation of kaolinite from co-precipitated silica gel. Pp. 123–127 in: Genèse et SyntheÁse des Argiles (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, editor). Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 105, Paris.Google Scholar
Raythatha, R. & Lipsicas, M. (1985) Mechanism of synthesis of 10 A Ê hydrated kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 333–339.Google Scholar
Robert, M. & Herbillon, A.J. (1990) Application aux argiles des sols. Géneèse, nature et rôle des constituants argileux dans les principaux types de sols des environnements volcaniques insulaires. Pp. 539–576 in: Matériaux argileux. Structure, Propriétés et Applications (Decarreau, A., editor). Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Robertson, I.D.M. & Eggleton, R.A. (1991) Weathering of granitic muscovite to kaolinite and halloysite and plagioclase-derived kaolinite to halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 39, 113–126.Google Scholar
Robertson, R.H.S., Brindley, G.W. & MacKenzie, R.C. (1954) Mineralogy of kaolin clays from Pugu, Tanganyika. American Mineralogist, 39, 118–138.Google Scholar
Robie, R.A., Hemingway, B.S. & Fisher, J.R. (1979) Thermodynamic properties of minerals and related substances at 298.15 K and 1 bar (105 Pascals) pressure and at high temperatures. US Geological Survey Bulletin, 1452.Google Scholar
Romero, R., Robert, M., Elsass, F. & Garcia, C. (1992) Abundance of halloysite neoformation in soils developed from crystalline rocks. Contribution of transmission electron microscopy. Clay Minerals, 27, 35–46.Google Scholar
Rong, T.J. & Xiao, J.K. (2002) The catalytic cracking activity of the kaolin-group minerals. Materials Letters, 57, 297–301.Google Scholar
Ross, C.S. & Kerr, P.F. (1934) Halloysite and allophane. Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, 185-G, 135–148.Google Scholar
Ross, G.J., Kodama, H., Wang, C., Gray, J.T. & Lafreniere, L.B. (1983) Halloysite from a strongly weathered soil at mont Jacques Cartier, Quebec. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47, 327–332.Google Scholar
Russell, J.D. & Fraser, A.R. (1994) Infrared methods. Pp. 11–64 in: Clay Mineralogy: Spectroscopic and Chemical Determinative Methods (Wilson, M.J., editor). Chapman & Hall, London.Google Scholar
Saigusa, M., Shoji, S. & Kato, T. (1978) Origin and nature of halloysite in ando soils from Towada tephra, Japan. Geoderma, 20, 115–129.Google Scholar
Sakharov, B.A. & Drits, V. (1973) Mixed-layer kaolinite- montmorillonite: a comparison of observed and calculated diffraction patterns. Clays and Clay Minerals, 21, 15–17.Google Scholar
Sand, L.B. (1956) On the genesis of residual kaolin. American Mineralogist, 41, 28–40.Google Scholar
Schroeder, P.A. & Shiflet, J. (2000) Ti-bearing phases in the Huber Formation: an east Georgia kaolin deposit. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 151–158.Google Scholar
Sedov, S.N., Solleiro-Rebolledo, E., Gama-Castro, J.E., Vallejo-Gómez, E. & González-Vela'zquez, A. (2001) Buried palaeosols of the Nevado de Toluca: An alternative record of Late Quaternary environmental change in central Mexico. Journal of Quaternary Science, 16, 375–389.Google Scholar
Sedov, S.N., Solleiro-Rebolledo, E. & Gama-Castro, J.E. 422 Joussein, E. et al. (2003) Andosol to Luvisol evolution in Central Mexico: Timing, mechanisms and environmental setting. Catena, 54, 495–513.Google Scholar
Shannon, R.D. & Prewitt (1976) Revised effectice ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Act a Crystallographica, A32, 751–767.Google Scholar
Sheppard, C.M. & MacKenzie, K.J.D. (1999) Silicothermal synthesis and densification of x-sialon in the presence of metal oxide additives. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 19, 535–541 Google Scholar
Sherman, G.D. (1952) The genesis and morphology of the alumina-rich laterite clays. Problems of clay and laterite genesis. Pp. 154–161 in: American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, New York.Google Scholar
Sherman, G.D. & Uehara, G. (1956) The weathering of olivine basalt in Hawai'i and its pedogenic significance. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 20, 337–340.Google Scholar
Shimuzu, H. (1972) Kaolin mineral transformation during weathering and diagenesis. Journal of the Clay Science Society of Japan, 12, 63–73 (in Japanese with English abstract).Google Scholar
Shirai, J., Inai, I., Wakabayashi, H., Osuka, K., Kato, M. & Usuki, A. (2004) Thin injection molded articles of polyphenylene oxide blends containing organic clay. U.S. Patent Application, 703927, USA.Google Scholar
Sieffermann, G. & Millot, G. (1968) L'halloysite des sols jeunes sur basaltes reÂcents du centre Cameroun. Bulletin du Groupe Français des Argiles, 20, 25–38.Google Scholar
Sieffermann, G. & Millot, G. (1969) Equatorial and tropical weathering of recent basalts from Cameroon: allophanes, halloysite, metahalloysite, kaolinite and gibbsite. Pp. 417–430 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1969, Tokyo (Heller, L., editor). Israel University Press, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Simon-Coinçon, R., Thiry, M. & Schmitt, J.M. (1997) Variety and relationships of weathering features along the early tertiary palaeosurface in the south- western French Massif Central and the nearby Aquatine Basin. Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 129, 51–79.Google Scholar
Singer, A., Zarei, M., Lange, F.M. & Stahr, K. (2004) Halloysite characteristics and formation in the northern Golan Heights. Geoderma, 123, 279–295.Google Scholar
Singh, B. (1996) Why does halloysite roll? A new model. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44, 191–196.Google Scholar
Singh, B. & Gilkes, R.J. (1992) An electron optical investigation of the alteration of kaolinite to halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 40, 212–229.Google Scholar
Singh, B. & Mackinnon, I.D.R. (1996) Experimental transformation of kaolinite to halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44, 825–834.Google Scholar
Singleton, P.L., McLeod, M. & Percival, H.J. (1989) Allophane and halloysite content and soil solution silicon in soils from rhyolitic volcanic material, New Zealand. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 27, 67–77.Google Scholar
Slansky, E. (1983) Halloysite in a weathered profile at Port Macquarie, New South Wales. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 107, 177–185.Google Scholar
Slansky, E. (1985) Interstratification of the 10- and 7-Å layers in halloysite: Allegra's mixing function for random and partially ordered stacking. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 261–264.Google Scholar
Smirnov, K.S. & Bougeard, D. (1999) A molecular dynamics study of structure and short-time dynamics of water in kaolinite. Journal of Physical Chemistry, B103, 5266–5273.Google Scholar
Smith, A.W. (2005) Biofilms and antibiotic therapy: Is there a role for combating bacterial resistance by the use of novel drug delivery systems? Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 57, 1539–1550.Google Scholar
Smykatz-Kloss, W. (1974) The determination of the degree of (dis-)order of kaolinites by means of differential thermal analysis. Chemie der Erde, 33, 358–364.Google Scholar
Soma, M. & Theng, B.K.G. (1998) Surface and interlayer chemical compositions, and structure of clay minerals. Pp. 134–143 in: The Latest Frontiers of Clay Chemistry. Proceedings of the Sapporo Conference on the Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals 1996 (Yamagishi, A., Aramata, A. & Taniguchi, M., editors). The Smectite Forum of Japan, Sendai.Google Scholar
Soma, M., Churchman, G.J. & Theng, B.K.G. (1992) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of halloysites with different composition and particle morphology. Clay Minerals, 27, 413–421.Google Scholar
Stolpe, N.B. & Kuzila, M.S. (2002) Relative mobility of atrazlne, 2,4-D and dicamba in volcanic soils of south-central Chile. Soil Science, 167, 338–345.Google Scholar
Stone, R.L. (1952) Differential thermal analysis of kaolin-group minerals under controlled partial pres- sures of H2O. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 35, 90–99.Google Scholar
Su, C. & Harsh, J.B. (1994) Gibbs free energies of formation at 298 K for imogolite and gibbsite from solubility measurements. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58, 1667–1677.Google Scholar
Su, C. & Harsh, J.B. (1998) Dissolution of allophane as a thermodynamically unstable solid in the presence of boehmite at elevated temperatures and equilibrium vapor pressure. Soil Science, 163, 299–312.Google Scholar
Sudo, T. (1953) Particle shape of a certain clay of hydrated halloysite, as revealed by electron micro- scope. Mineralogical Journal, 1, 66–68.Google Scholar
Sudo, T. & Ossaka, J. (1952) Hydrated halloysite from Japan. Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, 22, 215–229.Google Scholar
Sudo, T. & Takahashi, H. (1956) Shapes of halloysite particles in Japanese clays. Clays and Clay Minerals, 4, 67–79.Google Scholar
Sudo, T. & Yotsumoto, H. (1977) The formation of halloysite tubes from spherulitic halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 25, 155–159.Google Scholar
Sudo, T., Shimoda, S., Yotsumoto, H. & Aita, S. (1981) Electron Micrographs of Clay Minerals. Developments in Sedimentology 31, Elsevier Science Publishers Co., Amsterdam, and Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.Google Scholar
Suzuki, K., Kai, Y., Handa, K. & Uesugi, K. (2004) Thermoplastic resin nanocomposites with good heat and impact resistance and rigidity for automobiles. Industrial report, Nissan Motor Co., Japan.Google Scholar
Swineford, A., McNeal, J.D. & Crumpton, C.F. (1954) Hydrated halloysite in Blue Hill shale. National Academia Sciences - National Research Council Publications, 327, 158–171.Google Scholar
Tae, J.W., Jang, B.S., Kim, J.R., Kim, I. & Park, D.W. (2004) Catalytic degradation of polystyrene using acid-treated halloysite clays. Solid State Ionics, 172, 129–133.Google Scholar
Takahashi, H. (1958) Structural variations of kaolin minerals. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 31, 275–282.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T., Dahlgren, R.A. & van Susteren, P. (1993) Clay mineralogy and chemistry of soils formed in volcanic materials in the xeric moisture regime of northern California. Geoderma, 59, 131–150.Google Scholar
Takahashi, T., Dahlgren, R.A., Theng, B.K.G., Whitton, J.S. & Soma, M. (2001) Potassium-selective, halloysite-rich soils formed in volcanic materials from northern California. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 65, 516–526.Google Scholar
Tamura, T., Jackson, M.L. & Sherman, G.D. (1953) Mineral content of low humic, humic and hydrol humic latosols of Hawaii. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 17, 343–346.Google Scholar
Tarasevich, Y.I. & Gribina, I.A. (1972) Infrared spectroscopy study of the state of water in halloysite. Kolloidnyi Zhurnal, 34, 405–411 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Tari, G., Bobos, I., Gomes, C.S.F. & Ferreira, J.M.F. (1999) Modification of surface charge properties during kaolinite to halloysite-7Å transformation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 210, 360–366.Google Scholar
Tazaki, K. (1979) Micromorphology of halloysites produced by weathering of plagioclase in volcanic ash. Pp. 415–422 in: Proceedings of the 6th International Clay Conference 1978 (Mortland, M.M. & Farmer, V.C., editors). Developments in Sedimentology, 27, Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Tazaki, K. (1982) Analytical electron microscopic studies of halloysite formation processes: morphology and composition of halloysite. Pp. 573–584 in: Proceedings of the 7th International Clay Conference 1981 (van Olphen, H. & Veniale, F., editors). Developments in Sedimentology, 35, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G. (1974) The Chemistry of Clay-Organic Reactions. Adam Hilger, London.Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G. (1995) On measuring the specific surface area of clays and soils by adsorption of para- nitrophenol: Use and limitations. Pp. 304–310 in: Clays Control the Environment - Proceedings of the 10th International Clay Conference 1993 (Churchman, G.J., Fitzpatrick, R.W. & Eggleton, R.A., editors). Adelaide, Australia Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G. & Wells, N. (1995) Assessing the capacity of some New Zealand clays for decolourizing vegetable oil and butter. Applied Clay Science, 9, 321–326.Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G., Russell, M., Churchman, G.J. & Parfitt, R.L. (1982) Surface properties of allophane, halloysite, and imogolite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 143–149.Google Scholar
Theng, B.K.G., Churchman, G.J., Whitton, J.S. & Claridge, G.G.C. (1984) Comparison of intercalation methods for differentiating halloysite from kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 32, 249–258.Google Scholar
Thompson, J.G. & Cuff, C. (1985) Crystal structure of kaolinite-dimethylsulfoxide intercalate. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 490–500.Google Scholar
Tomishige, H. (2004) Water-soluble mold core and its manufacture. Industrial report, Toyota Motor Corp., Japan.Google Scholar
Tomura, S., Shibasaki, Y. & Mizuta, H. (1983) Spherical kaolinite: synthesis and mineralogical properties. Clays and Clay Minerals, 31, 413–421.Google Scholar
Tomura, S., Shibasaki, Y., Mizuta, H. & Kitamura, M. (1985) Growth conditions and genesis of spherical and platy kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 33, 200–206.Google Scholar
Torn, M.S., Trumbore, S.E., Chadwick, O.A., Vitousek, P.M. & Hendricks, D.M. (1997) Mineral control of soil carbon storage and turnover. Nature, 389, 170–173.Google Scholar
van Baarle, B., Heideman, G. & Noordermeer, J.W.M. (2004) Method for vulcanizing a rubber compound, and rubber articles manufactured from a vulcanized rubber compound as obtained with the method. Industrial report, Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast- Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno., Netherland.Google Scholar
van der Marel, H.W. & Beutelspacher, H. (1976) Clay- and related minerals: Kaolin minerals (kandites). Pp. 65–89 in: Atlas of Infrared Spectroscopy of Clay Minerals and their Admixtures (van der Marel, H.W. & Beutelspacher, H., editors). Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
van Oosterwyck-Gastuche, M.C. & La Iglesia, A. (1978) Kaolinite synthesis. II. A review and discussion of the factors influencing the rate process. Clays and Clay Minerals, 26, 409–417.Google Scholar
Vitousek, P.M., Chadwick, O.A., Crews, T.E., Fownes, J.H., Hendricks, D.M. & Herbert, D. (1997) Soil and ecosystem development across the Hawaiian Islands. Joussein E. et al. Geological Society of America Today, 7, 1–8.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1958) Adsorption of alkali chloride and ammonium halide on halloysite. Soil and Plant Food, 4, 137–144.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1959a) An interlayer complex of halloysite with ammonium chloride. American Mineralogist, 44, 1237–1247.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1959b) Oriented penetration of ionic com- pounds between the silicate layers of halloysite. American Mineralogist, 44, 153–165.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1959c) Reaction of phosphate with allophane and halloysite. Soil Science, 87, 325–330.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1961) Lattice expansion of kaolin minerals by treatment with potassium acetate. American Mineralogist, 46, 78–91.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1963) Quantitative determination of kaolinite and halloysite by NH4Cl retention measurement. American Mineralogist, 48, 1286–1299.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1964) Ammonium chloride-kaolin complexes. I. Structural and bonding features. Clay Science, 2, 43–56.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1965) Intercalation of water in kaolin minerals. American Mineralogist, 54, 334–339.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1980) Mineralogical characteristics of andisols. Pp. 87–107 in: Soils with Variable Charge (Theng, B.K.G., editor). New Zealand Society of Soil Science, Lower Hutt.Google Scholar
Wada, K. (1985) The distinctive properties of andosols. Advanced Soil Science, 2, 174–229.Google Scholar
Wada, K. & Ataka, H. (1958) The ion uptake mechanism of allophane. Soil and Plant Food, 4, 12–18.Google Scholar
Wada, K. & Kakuto, Y. (1985) Embryonic halloysites in Ecuadorian soils derived from volcanic ash. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49, 1309–1318.Google Scholar
Wada, K., Yamauchi, H., Kakuto, Y. & Wada, S.I. (1985) Embryonic halloysites in a paddy soil derived from volcanic ash. Clay Science, 6, 177–186.Google Scholar
Wada, K., Wilson, M., Kakuti, Y. & Wada, S.I. (1988) Synthesis and characterization of hollow spherical form of monolayer aluminosilicate. Clays and Clay Minerals, 36, 11–18.Google Scholar
Wada, S.I. & Mizota, C. (1982) Iron-rich halloysite (10 A Ê ) with crumpled lamellar morphology from Hokkaido, Japan. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 315–317.Google Scholar
Wada, S.I. & Odahara, K. (1993) Potassium-calcium exchange in five Ap soils from paddy fields and its effect on potassium concentration in soil solution. Soil Science Plant Nutriment, 39, 129–138.Google Scholar
Ward, C. & Roberts, F.I. (1990) Occurrence of spherical halloysite in bituminous coals of the Sydney basin, Australia. Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 501–506.Google Scholar
Watanabe, T. & Sudo, T. (1969) Study on small-angle scattering of some clay minerals. Pp. 173–181 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1969, Tokyo (Heller, L., editor). Israel University Press, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Watanabe, T., Sawada, Y., Russel, J.D., McHardy, W.J. & Wilson, M.J. (1992) The conversion of the montmorillonite to interstratified halloysite-smectite by weathering in the OMI acid clay deposit, Japan. Clay Minerals, 27, 159–173.Google Scholar
Watanabe, Y., Kitagawa, Y. & Sugo, S. (1969) Structural aspects of clay minerals occurring in some soils. Pp. 129–140 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference 1969, Tokyo (Heller, L., editor). Israel University Press, Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Weaver, C.E. (1976) The nature of TiO2 in kaolinite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 24, 215–218.Google Scholar
Weaver, C.E. & Pollard, L.D. (1973) The Chemistry of Clay Minerals. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Weber, J.N. & Roy, R. (1965) Dehydroxylation of kaolinite, dickite, and halloysite: Heats of reaction and kinetics of dehydration at P(H2O) = 15 psi. American Mineralogist, 70, 159–164.Google Scholar
Weiss, A. & Russow, J. (1963) Über die lage der austauschbaren kationen bei kaolinit. Pp. 203–213 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, 1 (Graff-Petersen, T.R.P., editor). Pergamon Press, London.Google Scholar
Weiss, A., Thielepape, W., Göring, G., Ritter, W. & Schäfer, H. (1963) Kaolinit-einlagerungs-verbindun- gen. Pp. 287–305 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, 1 (Graff- Petersen, T.R.P., editor). Pergamon Press, London.Google Scholar
West, S.L., White, G.N., Deng, Y., McInnes, K.J., Juo, A.S.R. & Dixon, J.B. (2004) Kaolinite, halloysite, and iron oxide influence on physical behavior of formulated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 1452–1460.Google Scholar
White, G.N. & Dixon, J.B. (2002) Kaolin-serpentine minerals. Pp. 389–414 in: Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications (Dixon, J.B. and, D.G. Schulze, , editors). Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
White, G.V. & Rumsey, B. (2004) New synthesis routes for AIN polytype SiAlON ceramics. Key Engineering Materials, 264–268, 889–892.Google Scholar
White, W.A. (1953) Allophanes from Lawrence County, Indiana. American Mineralogist, 38, 634–642.Google Scholar
Whitton, J.S. (1978) Differential thermal analysis. D1.E1-D1.E5 in: Methods for Mineral and Elemental Analysis (Wells, N. & Smidt, R.E., editors). New Zealand Soil Bureau Science Report, 10D.Google Scholar
Wielemaker, W.G. & Wakatsuki, T. (1984) Properties, weathering and classification of some soils formed in peralkaline volcanic ash in Kenya. Geoderma, 32, 21–44.Google Scholar
Wilke, B.M., Schwertmann, U. & Murad, E. (1978) An occurrence of polymorphic halloysite in granite saprolite of the Bayerisher Wald, Germany. Clay Minerals, 13, 66–67.Google Scholar
Wilson, I.R. (2004) Kaolin and halloysite deposits of China. Clay Minerals, 39, 1–15.Google Scholar
Wilson, M.J. (2003) Clay mineralogical and related characteristics of geophagic materials. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 29, 1525–1547.Google Scholar
Wilson, M.J. & Tait, J.M. (1977) Halloysite in some soils from North-East Scotland. Clay Minerals, 12, 59–66.Google Scholar
Xie, X. & Hayashi, S. (1999a) NMR study of kaolinite intercalation compounds with formamide and its derivatives. 1. Structure and orientation of guest molecules. Journal of Physical Chemistry, B103, 5949–5955.Google Scholar
Xie, X. & Hayashi, S. (1999b) NMR study of kaolinite intercalation compounds with formamide and its derivatives. 2. Dynamics of guest molecules. Journal of Physical Chemistry, B103, 5956–5962.Google Scholar
Yariv, S. & Shoval, S. (1975a) Interaction between alkali- halides and halloysite: IR study of the interaction between alkali-halides and hydrated halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 24, 253–261.Google Scholar
Yariv, S. & Shoval, S. (1975b) The nature of the interaction between water molecules and kaolin-like layers in hydrated halloysite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 23, 473–474.Google Scholar
Yoshida, M. (1957) Adsorptive ability of the soil. III. Classification of the base-exchange positions and their fractional determination. Nippon Dojo Hiryogaku Zasshi, 28, 195–198.Google Scholar
Zamama, M. & Knidiri, M. (2000) IR study of dickite- formamide intercalate, Al2Si2O5(OH)4-H2NCOH. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 56, 1139–1147.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y. (2004) Antiwear composite lubricating greases for machinery parts. Industrial report, China.Google Scholar
Zhou, J., Lu, L. & Li, X. (2004) Process for preparation of catalytic cracking catalyst from catalyst powder. Industrial report, China Petroleum and Petrochemical Corporation, Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, China.Google Scholar
Ziegler, K., Hsieh, J.C.C., Chadwick, O.A., Kelly, E.F., Hendricks, D.M. & Savin, S.M. (2003) Halloysite as a kinetically controlled end product of arid-zone basalt weathering. Chemical Geology, 202, 461–478.Google Scholar
Zvyagin, B.B. (1960) Electron-diffraction determination of the structure of kaolinite. Kristallografiya, 5, 40–50.Google Scholar