^{page 420 note 1} Vogel, J. Ph., Annual Report, Archaeological Survey of India 1911–1912Google Scholar; id. Verslagen en Mededeel. K. Akad. van Wet. 1920, 218 ff.Google Scholar; Sahni, D. R., JRAS 1924Google Scholar; de Leeuw, J. E. van Lohuizen, The ‘Scythian Period’, p. 379.Google Scholar The third was edited by Konow, Sten in Epigraphia Indica 21, 1931, 55 ff.Google Scholar, and Jayaswal, K. P., J. Bihar and Orissa Research Soc. 18, 1932.Google Scholar

^{page 420 note 2} For a recent summary of the evidence on the title of devaputra, see Thomas, F. W., B. C. Law Volume II, 1946, 305 ff.Google Scholar, where, however, the denial of the title devaputra to the coin of Kujula Kara Kaphsa cannot be sustained.

^{page 420 note 3} ‘Notes on Indo-Scythian Chronology,’ Journ. of Ind. Hist., 12. 36.Google Scholar

^{page 420 note 4} The title daṇḍanāyaka occurs in Kharoṣṭhī inscriptions; no. 76 in Sten Konow's edition has daḍaṇayako. As daḍaṇayaka it occurs on a recently found (1949) Kharoṣṭhī inscription. In H. Lüders' List of Inscriptions, no. 60, from Mathurā, has the title with mahā-. In the Buddhist Dictionary Mahāvyutpatti, daṇḍanāyaka occurs in a list of titles.

^{page 420 note 5} devakulaṃ bhagna-patitaṃ viśīrṇaṃ.

^{page 420 note 6} The udapāna may be compared with the prap, see BSOAS 13.925.

^{page 420 note 7} See the remarks of Sten Konow on K. P. Jayaswal's discussion, loc. cit. p. 60, note 2.

^{page 420 note 8} See the discussion by Stein, O., Ind. Hist. Quart. 14.646 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 421 note 1} Bodhisattva-bhūmi, ed. Wogihara, U. I 166Google Scholar; Ancient India 5, p. 6Google Scholar; Epigraphia Indica 2.100; Kharoṣṭhī Inscriptions, ed. Konow, , no. 76.12Google Scholar; Ed. Chavannes, and Lévi, Sylvain, Journ. Asiat. 1915, 1.193 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 421 note 2} In the bilingual text edited in Hvatanica III, BSOS 9, lines 31 and 53.

^{page 421 note 3} Lévi, Sylvain, Journ. Asiat. 1932, 1.45Google Scholar; Dutt, Nalinaksha, Gilgit Manuscripts I, colophons of the Bhaiṣajya-guru-sūtra and Ajitasena-vyākaraṇa.Google Scholar

^{page 421 note 4} Šāhpuhr inscription Parthian, line 23, 24, 25.

^{page 421 note 5} Discussed by W. B. Henning in BSOS 8.583 ff. Arm. bagin has -in < -anya.

^{page 421 note 6} See Salemann, C., Manich. Studien I, glossary.Google Scholar

^{page 421 note 7} Sten Konow thought hesitatingly of Wakhān, which is known in Sanskrit as Vokkāṇa. Bachhofer, L., JAOS 1941, 250Google Scholar, mentioned the same conjecture. For the names of Wakhān, see BSOAS 13.402.

^{page 422 note 1} See Lüders, H., Die Śakas und die ‘nordarische’ Sprache, 1913, 422Google Scholar; Scheftelowitz, I., Acta Orient. 11.295.Google Scholar

^{page 422 note 2} See Hansen, O., in Altheim, F., Aus Spätantike und Christentum, 1951, plate 10 b 3.Google Scholar For māra-, see Zoroastrian Problems, p. 162.Google Scholar

^{page 422 note 3} See Asia Major, n.s., I 51.Google Scholar

^{page 422 note 4} La Langue Marathe, p. 152 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 422 note 5} Wackernagel, J., Altind. Gram. I 183.Google Scholar

^{page 422 note 6} Ed. Waldschmidt, E., Das Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra, Teil I, pp. 119, 120 and 124.Google Scholar Similarly bṛṃndaṃ in Lüders, H., Weitere Beiträge, p. 8, fol. 8 r 2.Google Scholar

^{page 422 note 7} P 2900, quoted BSOAS 10.894. bihar- in Khotanese Buddhist Texts, p. 1, Kha 1.13, 134 v 1.Google Scholar

^{page 422 note 8} See Asia Major, n.s., II 32Google Scholar, Add uda ‘old’ in the Sudhana story, Khotanese Buddhist Texts, p. 29.197, 204Google Scholar, which is probably from *brzda- to the base barz- ‘increase’.

^{page 422 note 9} See Oldenberg, H., Ṛgveda, Textkritische und Exegetische NotenGoogle Scholar, on the passage, citing Wackernagel, J., Altind. Gram. II 1.5.Google Scholar

^{page 423 note 1} Greek ὀλίγος beside Alban, l‘igu- ‘bad, lean’ shows a similar difference of meaning.

^{page 423 note 2} Specht, F., Zeits. f. vgl. Sprachf. 66, 1939, 11.Google Scholar

^{page 423 note 3} The mūra coins corresponded to the Chinese ts'ien ‘cash’.

^{page 423 note 4} Das nordarische (sakische) Lehrgedicht des Buddhismus, p. 355.Google Scholar

^{page 423 note 5} Part of this text was edited by Konow, Sten, Norsk Tidssk.for Sprogvid. 11.21 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 423 note 6} The first aksara of this word is still uncertain.

^{page 424 note 1} Thomas, F. W., Tibetan Literary Texts, II 124, 322, 336.Google Scholar

^{page 424 note 2} Sieg, E., Die Udānālankāra-Fragmente, p. 145Google Scholar; Tochar. Gram. 449.Google Scholar

^{page 424 note 3} Henning, W. B., ZDMG 90.12, note 4Google Scholar, referring to Konow, Sten, Ein neuer Saka-Dialekt.Google Scholar

^{page 424 note 4} BSOAS 13.659.

^{page 424 note 5} Acta Orient. 18.217. Other words are quoted by Burrow, T., Trans. Phil. Soc. 1946, 2.Google Scholar

^{page 425 note 1} I owe this explanation to I. Gershevitch. Other forms are quoted by Henning, W. B., BSOAS 11.719.Google Scholar I see no way to use here Tibetan phru-ma ‘womb’.

^{page 425 note 2} Morgenstierne, G., Etym. Voc. of Pashto, p. 107.Google Scholar

^{page 425 note 3} For -rš- replaced by -rr-, note Jātaka-stava 26 v 4 arrä ‘bear (animal)’, beside Avestan arǝša, Sogd. ‘ššh in the Sūtra of Causes and Effects, 359. In Khotanese -ṣ- was preserved in secondary contact in jṣā'- ‘to make to boil’, from *yaiš- attested in 3rd sing, pres. jīṣḍi ‘boils’; jiṣṭa- ‘boiled’.

^{page 425 note 4} This is proposed below. Ossetic ars ‘bear’, New Pers. xirs and Munānī yarš have kept two consonants. In Pašto -rš- passed to -- (--), see Morgenstierne, G., Etym. Voc. of Pašto, pp. 33, 34.Google Scholar

^{page 425 note 5} Or 11344.1.3, Hedin 6.4, Hedin 1.6, Hedin 15.

^{page 425 note 6} Justi, F., Iran. Namenbuch, 106.Google Scholar

^{page 425 note 7} In the edition of the Central Asian Prakrit texts in Kharoṣṭhī.

^{page 425 note 8} This was used by Sten Konow in his edition of the inscriptions and I adopted it for the Dharmapada in BSOAS 11.488 ff.

^{page 425 note 9} See BSOAS 11.767: bana- < banda-. Similarly hana- ‘blind’ corresponds to Old Ind. andha-.

^{page 426 note 1} A further point touching (andana- to be mentioned here is that there is an Old Ind. word syandana- ‘chariot’. From the same base occurs Bud. Sansk. syandanikā ‘gutter’. But beside this spelling with sy- we find in Pali candanikā, and a form with c- is attested in Chinese, see Lévi, Sylvain, Mahākarmavibhanga, pp. 22 ff.Google Scholar Thus syand- and cand- stand side by side. It might therefore be thought that in the Khotanese Sudhana text a word *candana- ‘chariot’ might be found. But the equation there of cadana- with bve'yāscye ‘shining’ seems secure and satisfactory. In assuming in Iranian a word in -ana- where Indian had -ra-, it is possible to point also to Khotanese ttuṃna- ‘strong’ (probably from *tumana-) beside Old Ind. tumrá-.

^{page 426 note 2} See the Indian words cited in BSOAS 10.914, 917. For dānapati see BSOAS 13.655, and Hedin 23 b 14 dnava. The saināva occurs in Khotanese Buddhist Texts, p. 72, 15.Google Scholar

^{page 426 note 3} Perhaps preserved in the vina of a Khotanese Hedin document no. 33. An edition and translation of the Hedin Collection is ready and it is hoped will shortly be published.

^{page 426 note 4} An unclear mark after ha, and broken ta.

^{page 426 note 5} If the final -a is to be trusted this is the Late Khotanese acc. sing. fem. If the scribe has omitted -ä then the word would be bīsä ‘servant’.

^{page 427 note 1} See the passage quoted in BSOAS 13.392. For the Ge-sar story there is a bibliography by Roerich, G., ‘The Epic of King Kesar of Ling,’ JRAS of Bengal, 1942.Google Scholar

^{page 427 note 2} Das nordarische (sakische) Lehrgedicht, p. 355.Google Scholar

^{page 427 note 3} Quoted by Lüders, H., Die Śakas und die ‘nordarische’ Sprache, p. 422.Google Scholar

^{page 428 note 1} Forms of this word are Krorayina Kharoṣṭhi akas-, aǵas-, aǵajh-, ukas-, nikas-, nikhas-; AMāg. nikkas-. Khotanese uskhasta (correcting BSOAS 10.898); khaittä in P 5538 a 12; and naṣakhastye in P 4649.1. Khowar kas-, Morgenstierne, G., Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan, p. 72.Google Scholar This assumes that -ahati became -aittä

^{page 428 note 2} Quoted by G. Morgenstierne in his Report on a Linguistic Mission to North-Western India, p. 48, and again in BSOS 8.661.Google Scholar

^{page 428 note 3} The local relations can be seen on the maps given in the Linguistic Survey of India, vol. 8, opposite p. 1Google Scholar, and vol. 10, opposite p. 5.

^{page 429 note 1} Two other Chinese spellings are given by Chavannes, Ed., T'oung Pao 8, 1907, 190–1.Google Scholar

^{page 429 note 2} See Morgenstierne, G., Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages II 6 ff.Google Scholar; BSOS 6.439 ff., and Report on a Linguistic Mission to North-Western India, p. 46 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 429 note 3} BSOS 8.657 ff.

^{page 429 note 4} For the name of the Parthians, see Hübschmann, H., Armen. Gram. 63Google Scholar; Kent, B. G., Old Persian, 1950, 196.Google Scholar The name came to India in the form Pahlava, Palhava, and through the Buddhist books reached Khotan as Palvala.

^{page 429 note 5} In Pašto -t- arises also from -it-, as in watǝl ‘to fly’ from vašta-. The group -rt-, however, became -r-, as in sōṛ ‘cold’, from sarta-.

^{page 429 note 6} O'Brien, D. J. T., Grammar and Vocabulary of the Khawar Dialect, 3rd ed., 1937, p. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 429 note 7} Linguistic Survey of India 8.2.69 ff.; Turner, B. L., BSOS 4.535 ff.Google Scholar; Morgenstierne, G., Report on a Linguistic Mission to North-Western India, 47 ff.Google Scholar, and in the Volume presented to J. Ph. Vogel, 240–7, The Spring Festival of the Kalash Kafirs.

^{page 429 note 8} For the ṣ-, see BSOAS 11.776. Add avaṣangā in the Central Asian manuscript of the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra, ed. E. Waldschmidt 91.4. In Khotan sanniṣadyā- was replaced by ṣṣandäṣṣajā-, The ṣ- does not justify the explanation of ṣakta- from sraj- as proposed by T. Burrow in BSOAS 12.650. It probably arose after preverbs with -i. Mahāvy. 5570 avaṣangah:

^{page 429 note 9} In varōti ‘fairy’ from *vāta-putrikā, -t- is from -tr-, but in pūtr and putr ‘son’ the -tr-survives.

^{page 430 note 1} BSOS 8.668.

^{page 430 note 2} The History of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, 1935, p. 302.Google Scholar

^{page 430 note 3} See Toucher, A., ‘De Kāpiśī à Pushkarāvatī,’ BSOS 6.341 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 430 note 4} Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran, 2, 1905, pp. 175 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 430 note 5} India Antiqua, presented to J. Ph. Vogel, 1947, p. 182.Google Scholar

^{page 430 note 6} On the identification of the uncertain P'u-ta, P'u-tiau, I have nothing to add to Ed. Chavannes, , T'oung Pao 6, 1905, 514, and 8, 191Google Scholar; Leeuw, J. E. van Lohuizen de, The ‘Scythian Period’, p. 372.Google Scholar

^{page 430 note 7} Untersuchungen 2.177.

^{page 430 note 8} Acta Orientalia 18.138 ff. (with reference to P. Tedesco); Trans. Phil. Soc. 1948, 70 ff.Google Scholar; ibid. 1950, 207.

^{page 430 note 9} It replaced also -rst- and probably -xšt-; the latter was assumed in the discussion in BSOAS 13.125, of. Trans. Phil Soc. 1950, 207.Google Scholar

^{page 431 note 1} For τύκτα, in Herodotos 9.110, see Benveniste, E., Bull. Soc. Ling. 47, 1951, 38–9.Google Scholar

^{page 431 note 2} Nebenstücke, pp. 163 and 164.Google Scholar He rendered it ‘edle’. From here it appears in Konow, Sten, Saka Studies.Google Scholar

^{page 431 note 3} Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature, p. 402, plate 17.Google Scholar

^{page 431 note 4} Khotanese Buddhist Texts, p. 46.Google Scholar

^{page 431 note 5} BSOS 8.927.

^{page 431 note 6} P 2781.80; N 163.20; Siddhasāra 125 v 4; N 164.3; P 2893.159; P 2834.43; Jivakapustaka 54 r 4.

^{page 432 note 1} The ā resulting from the i-umlaut of a is important for the pronunciation of ä in Khotanese. When the following two consonants became a single sound the result was a long ī, thus in ysīḍaa- ‘yellow’, Avestan zairita-, with -ḍ- from -rt-, and in biḍa ‘he bears’ from barati.

^{page 432 note 2} See BSOAS 12.326.

^{page 432 note 3} Greater Bundahišn 190.1; 195.14.

^{page 432 note 4} For the -ā, -āya, cf. nom. sing, haḍā, gen. sing. hoḍai, loc. sing, haḍāya ‘day’, hasai, hasyif ‘dhātu’ (BSOAS 10.899), and nätā ‘river’.

^{page 432 note 5} Konow, Sten, Zwōlf Blātter einer Handschrift des Suvarṇabhāsasūtra, p. 27.Google Scholar

^{page 433 note 1} Bull. Soc. Ling. 35, 1934, 105Google Scholar, and Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen, p. 34.Google Scholar Note also the treatment of -iṣ- and -as- by Kuiper, F. B. J., Acta Orient. 20.23 ff.Google Scholar, and earlier on -is- in Notes on Vedic Noun-Inflexion, p. 25.Google Scholar

^{page 433 note 2} See BSOAS 11.776.

^{page 433 note 3} BSOAS 11.776, now printed in full in Khotanese Buddhist Texts, p. 25, line 124. The translation must be changed.Google Scholar

^{page 433 note 4} Cf. vilayā ‘woman’ beside viḍabā ‘mare’, Oertel, H., Zeits.f. vgl. Sprachf. 1948, 26 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 433 note 5} Other details in Turner, R. L., Nepali Dictionary, p. 483.Google Scholar

^{page 433 note 6} See Lüders, H., ‘Αντίδωρον Wackernagel, p. 306Google Scholar; Bloch, J., Les inscriptions d'Aśoka, p. 114Google Scholar; ed. Hultzsch, E., p. 16.Google Scholar

^{page 433 note 7} Sheth, , Pāia-sadda-mahaṇṇavo.Google Scholar

^{page 433 note 8} T. Burrow proposed a Dravidian origin, BSOAS 12.390.

^{page 433 note 9} Recently rediscussed from the Italic side by Pisani, V., Noterelle ario-tocariche, Acme I (University of Milan), 1948, 315–19.Google Scholar

^{page 433 note 10} . Muller, F. W. K., Vigurica II 50, 57.Google Scholar

^{page 434 note 1} P 5.58 and Dhyāna 38, 39.